宽窄行配置一穴多株种植对膜下滴灌玉米产量和群体质量的影响

【目的】在保持种植密度和行距一定的条件下,选择适宜机械化运行的宽行距,研究1穴多株种植对膜下滴灌春玉米产量和群体质量的影响,进而实现增产、提高水肥利用效率和实现农业整体机械化的目标。【方法】试验在同一种植密度(9 900株/hm^2),等行距(30 cm)、等株距(30 cm)条件下,设置3种种植规格:1株/穴(H1,宽行37 cm)、2株/穴(H2,宽行104 cm)、3株/穴(H3,宽行172 cm)。【结果】不同种植株数下春玉米叶面积和叶面积指数(LAI)在大喇叭口期后差异显著,且H2处理叶面积显著大于H1、H3处理,分别高13.8%、7.6%;吐丝期以后H2处理干物质积累量显著高于H1和H3处理;吐丝期至成熟期H2处理的光合势、相对生长率显著高于H1、H3处理,光合势分别高4.60%~12.74%、8.97%~9.79%,相对生长率分别高21.15%、103.06%;H2处理的产量较H1、H3处理平均增产21.6%、24.6%,水分利用效率(WUE)分别提高25.0%、33.5%。【结论】春玉米膜下滴灌宽窄行配置1穴2株种植可以提高春玉米叶面积指数,延缓后期叶面积的衰老,增加光合势,有助于后期干物质的积累,提高粒重,最终提高玉米籽粒产量。与常规种植相比,玉米膜下滴灌采用1穴2株种植规格,产量提高约21.6%,WUE提高约25%。     

甘肃、青海地区小麦条锈菌监测及群体遗传多样性分析

【目的】了解甘肃和青海小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）春季流行传播路线、群体遗传多样性和生殖模式,明确春季流行期两省小麦条锈菌的传播关系及菌源交流规律,进而为两省小麦条锈病的预测预报、确定越夏初始菌源来源和有效治理提供理论依据。【方法】选择条锈病常发生的地区作为调查和研究区域。甘肃省4个试验点：陇南市文县、陇东平凉市崆峒区、中部麦区定西市临洮县、临夏州临夏县;青海省2个试验点：西宁市城北区、海东市互助县。2017年秋季,在甘肃和青海省6个试验点内根据当地小麦播种适期依次种植82份变异观察圃材料。2018年4—8月,对试验点82份变异观察圃材料进行田间病害调查,并采集到551份小麦条锈菌标样,使用15对引物进行SSR分子标记分析。利用GenAlEx和POPPR v2.5.0软件对数据进行相关分析, 不显著的rbarD值表示连锁平衡,用于推断群体是否发生有性重组。【结果】82份变异观察圃材料在甘肃地区发病比青海地区严重。15对引物组合共扩增出81个位点,每对引物组合产生的多态性位点为2—12个。551份样本克隆矫正后,共鉴定出505个多位点基因型（MLG）,其中仅有32个MLG被克隆并进行了2—6次重新采样。甘肃和青海群体总的基因型多样性（G=0.917）较高,其中,甘肃平凉群体的最高,青海互助群体次之,甘肃临洮群体最低。小麦条锈菌的遗传变异主要在各群体内部个体之间。春季流行期,菌源在各群体之间交流频繁,青海东部（互助和西宁）群体与甘肃（平凉和临夏）群体之间的基因流高于青海（互助和西宁）群体与甘肃文县群体之间的基因流。最小时空网络图（MSN）和非参数主成分分析（DAPC）表明青海互助和西宁的群体与来自于甘肃平凉和临夏的群体之间菌源关系最密切,差异最小;与临洮群体遗传距离相对较远且临洮群体相对独立;文县群体则是一个完全独立的群体,与其他5个群体之间的差异最大。连锁不平衡分析表明,甘肃文县、临夏和青海西宁群体存在不显著的rbarD值表示连锁平衡,是有性生殖群体,其中文县群体（rbarD=0.0139,P=0.186）显示出明显的有性重组特征。【结论】小麦条锈病春季流行期,甘肃地区与青海东部地区的传播路线以甘肃平凉、临夏到青海的传播为主,甘肃文县到青海的传播为辅。甘肃文县、临夏和青海西宁3个群体存在有性生殖现象,对甘肃、青海地区条锈菌丰富的遗传多样性的形成具有一定作用。     

凤凰县刺楸天然种群主要物种的生态位特征

以湖南省凤凰县刺楸(Kalopanax septemlobus)天然种群分布相对集中的9个样地作为资源位,按重要值总和排序确定主要植物种,应用Levins、Shannon–Wiener、Pianka和Schoener公式分析群落乔木层和灌木层总计29个主要植物种的生态位。结果表明:在乔木层中,刺楸的重要值总和最高(1.345),杉木、柞木、刺楸的生态位宽度较大;乔木层多数种对间的生态位重叠程度较高,对环境需求存在较高的相似性,高重叠种对的相似度为69.23%,高相似种对的相似度为52.75%;刺楸和其他物种的生态位重叠与其他物种的生态位宽度呈正相关;灌木层种间生态位分化不明显,在资源不足时极易产生竞争;生态位宽度值与生态位重叠值、生态位相似比例值关系复杂;刺楸生态位宽度较宽,当资源不足时,刺楸在竞争中不占优势,其种群更新会受到其他物种的影响。     

乡村振兴的难点及对策分析

乡村振兴是我国新时代意义长远的全局性事业,面临诸多难点,需综合施策,促进乡村持续兴旺发展。建议通过改善乡村人居条件,打破非农居民下乡定居政策壁垒,破解活力人口流失难点;不拘一格组建村班子,解决村支“两委”战斗力不强难点;发挥村骨干作用,公开透明处理乡村事务,融洽干群关系,解决干群疏离难点;以保障农民权益为出发点协调农民流转意愿,解决土地统一流转难点;政策引导,推动资源按市场规律下乡,解决资源下乡难点。     

L-肉碱对眼点拟微绿球藻种群增长及生化组成的影响

【目的】探究L-肉碱对眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)种群增长及生化组成的影响,为L-肉碱对眼点拟微绿球藻营养调控作用和调控机理研究提供参考。【方法】分别采用不同质量浓度(0(对照组),5,50,100 mg/L)的L-肉碱强化培养眼点拟微绿球藻6 d,每组3个重复。每天检测眼点拟微绿球的种群密度,试验结束时收集样品并检测眼点拟微绿球的生化组成。【结果】5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球的种群密度显著高于其他组(P0.05)。5和50 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻总糖含量无显著差异,但均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而显著低于100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的总脂含量显著低于其他3组(P0.05),而其他3组间无显著差异,但以100 mg/L L-肉碱组最高。5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的可溶性蛋白含量最高,显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的叶绿素a含量最高,虽与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但均显著高于50和100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05),而50 mg/L L-肉碱组显著高于100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。5和50 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的∑SFA含量显著低于对照组和100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的∑MUFA含量显著高于其他3组(P0.05),其他3组间无显著差异(P0.05)。5和50 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的∑PUFA、∑EPA+DHA和∑n-3含量均显著高于对照组和100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。5和100 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的∑n-6含量显著低于对照组和50 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,添加5 mg/L L-肉碱能显著促进眼点拟微绿球藻的种群增长,提高其可溶性蛋白和总糖含量,并能显著改善其脂肪酸组成。     

采砂采石新增占用林地与区域社会发展间的关系研究

为预测采砂采石场建设对林地的需求,科学制定林地保护利用规划,采用昭通市森林督察数据库中提取的各县区数据和相关社会经济情况组成33个样本,利用线性回归分析方法研究影响采砂采石与相关社会发展因素之间的关系。结果表明,区域人口、GDP、农村居民收入、林地占国土面积的比例在0.1水平上与砂石场新增图斑数呈线性关系,其中农村居民收入与砂石场新增图斑数呈负相关关系;而城镇居民收入与砂石场新增数量间无相关关系。     

菜心重要农艺性状与SSR分子标记的关联分析

菜心是华南地区的主要蔬菜,利用分子标记辅助育种发掘出与重要农艺性状相关的分子,不仅可以加速优良品种的选育进程,还可以定向地优化目标性状,培育出高产优质的菜心品种.本研究选用148 份来自宁夏银川和广东南沙田间种植的菜心种质材料,采集株高、株质量、薹高、薹质量和薹粗5 个重要农艺性状的数据;利用SSR 标记对其进行基因分...     

黄牛木种群空间分布格局研究

为促进黄牛木Cratoxylum cochinchinense在珠三角地区生态建设中的推广和应用,采用样方调查法,于2016-2017年在广州市和台山市3个黄牛木天然林集中分布区布设样地,通过绘制种群空间分布点位置图,结合方差均值比率法和聚集度指标,分析种群的空间分布类型、聚集程度,从而揭示黄牛木种群的空间分布特性、生...     

Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Italian Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strains suggests the evolution of local endemic populations of the pathogen and does not correlate with race distribution

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot in Brassicaceae. It is widespread in Italy and severe outbreaks occur under conditions that favour disease development. In this study a multilocus sequence typing approach (MLST) based on the partial sequence of seven loci was applied to a selection of strains representative of the main areas of cultivation and hosts. The aim was to investigate whether the long tradition of brassica crops in Italy has influenced the evolution of different Xcc populations. All loci were polymorphic; 14 allelic profiles were identified of which 13 were unique to Italian strains. Based on the seven loci, the most common genotype within the Italian Xcc strains (AP1) was also the most representative genotype found in worldwide Xcc strains. This genotype was included in a new clonal complex in addition to three other clonal complexes already identified in Xcc populations. The phylogenetic reconstruction using a concatenated dataset of four conserved protein-coding genes, dnaK, fuyA, gyrB and rpoD, showed that the Italian strains belonged to two genetic groups. Physiological races were also investigated for the first time in Italy. The race structure of Xcc was determined by inoculating eight differential Brassica lines belonging to five species and showed that, in Italy, race 4 is the most widespread, followed by races 1 and 6. No correlation was found between allelic profiles, host of isolation, geographical origin and races, although a prevalent race was identified within the same clonal complex.     

Molecular identification of blast resistance genes in rice landraces from northeastern India

Rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases causing huge losses worldwide. In the present study, major blast resistance genes were investigated in landraces originating from northeastern India. Based on phenotypic evaluation, 288 landraces were classified into three distinct groups: resistant (75), moderately resistant (127) and susceptible (86). The genetic frequencies of the 18 major blast resistance genes were between 6.2% and 27.4%, with only two genotypes possessing a maximum of nine blast resistance genes. The cluster and population structure analysis grouped the landraces into two groups. Through principal coordinate analysis, the scatter plots partitioned the resistant and moderately resistant landraces into different groups. Analysis of molecular variance showed maximum (96%) diversity within populations and least (4%) diversity between populations. Association analysis identified six markers, CRG4_2, RM72, tk59-2, pi21_79-3, RM1233 and RM6648, that are significantly associated with blast disease and explained a phenotypic variance of 1.1–6.5%. The associated genes could be used in marker-assisted rice breeding programmes for gene pyramiding to develop rice varietal resistance against blast disease. The present study represents a valuable blast resistance genetic resource that could be used for identification of new R genes, donors for blast resistance, and genomic studies.