地下水位对河套灌区生态环境的影响

随着我国大型灌区节水改造工程的实施,河套灌区年引水量将由年均引水量的50多亿m3逐渐减少到2010年的40亿m3。由于引黄水量的减少,地下水位开始下降,土壤表层盐份相随减少,灌区生态环境得到改善。但地下水位继续下降将会对灌区生态环境产生什么样的效应?本文通过实地调查和参考本地区过去及其它地区的实验资料,对灌区年灌溉引水量及地下水位变化做了分析,并对其产生的生态环境效应进行了讨论。建议灌区年引水量保持现有水平;在小区域抓紧试验观察地下水位进一步降低带来的影响;利用灌溉间息水补充生态水,避免地下水位进一步降低,以保持或进一步改善生态环境。     

生长调节剂对芍药切花瓶插期渗透调节物质的影响

以芍药‘春晓’(Paeonialactiflora‘Chunxiao’)的切花为试材,采用室内瓶插的方法,在基本瓶插液(3%蔗糖+200 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉+150 mg/L柠檬酸)中分别添加不同浓度的PP333、B9、CCC,通过对渗透调节物质含量的测定,探讨了PP333、B9、CCC对芍药切花采后瓶插水分平衡的影响。结果表明:适宜浓度的PP333、B9、CCC可有效提高切花的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量;改善切花的水分平衡值,降低脯氨酸含量,减少水分胁迫对切花造成的伤害;从而延缓衰老,延长瓶插寿命。200 mg/L PP333处理的效果最佳,瓶插寿命比对照延长3 d。     

不同落叶提取液对豇豆种子化感效应的研究

以豇豆种子为受体材料,研究5种落叶提取液对豇豆种子的化感作用.结果表明:不同浓度的落叶提取液对豇豆种子发芽和幼苗的生长有不同的影响,落叶提取液对种子萌发表现出高浓度抑制、低浓度促进的现象.对幼苗的生长有一定的促进作用,小叶榕、黄桷兰落叶提取液不同程度地抑制豇豆的干物质重,且随着浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增强;桂花落叶提取液对豇干物质重的影响呈现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制现象.     

内生细菌B_(47)菌株的鉴定及其对番茄青枯病的防效测定

通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,对分离于番茄茎部能较强抑制番茄青枯病菌生长的内生细菌B47菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明,该菌为枯草芽孢杆菌,其最适生长pH5~6,最适生长温度为35℃。室内防治试验结果表明,用淋根法先接种B47菌后接种病原菌和用注射法先接种B47菌后接种病原菌的处理可取得81.25%和92.10%的防效,而用淋根法、注射法同时接种B47菌与病原菌的处理防效较低。     

Antifeedant and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri

BACKGROUND: Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, transmits the causal bacteria of the devastating citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB). Because of the variation in spatial and temporal uptake and systemic distribution of imidacloprid applied to citrus trees and its degradation over time in citrus trees, ACP adults and nymphs are exposed to concentrations that may not cause immediate mortality but rather sublethal effects. The objective of this laboratory study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid on ACP life stages. RESULTS: Feeding by ACP adults and nymphs on plants treated daily with a sublethal concentration (0.1 µg mL^?1) of imidacloprid significantly decreased adult longevity (8 days), fecundity (33%) and fertility (6%), as well as nymph survival (12%) and developmental rate compared with untreated controls. The magnitude of these negative effects was directly related to exposure duration and concentration. Furthermore, ACP adults that fed on citrus leaves treated systemically with lethal and sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid excreted significantly less honeydew (7–94%) compared with controls in a concentration‐dependent manner suggesting antifeedant activity of imidacloprid. CONCLUSIONS: Sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid negatively affect development, reproduction, survival and longevity of ACP, which likely contributes to population reductions over time. Also, reduced feeding by ACP adults on plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid may potentially decrease the capacity of ACP to successfully acquire and transmit the HLB causal pathogen. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

1种辣椒新炭疽病的初步鉴定及室内药剂筛选

炭疽病是辣椒上的重要病害,影响了辣椒的产量与品质。生产中,在“辛香15号”辣椒上发现了1种新炭疽病,仅在辣椒果实上发生,典型病斑为椭圆形,周围水渍状,中间呈黑色同心轮纹,无小黑点出现,对常用杀菌剂不敏感;保湿后镜检发现,该病菌产生分生孢子盘,无刚毛,分生孢子近长椭圆形,无色,单孢,大小为12．5μm×3．75μm,有油球,一端稍尖;进一步分离培养病原菌并通过柯赫氏法则验证后,初步将其鉴定为尖孢炭疽菌（Collectotrichum acutatum Simmonds）。为了获得对该病效果好的化学药剂,采用牛津杯法测定了8种化学药剂对病菌的抑制效果,结果表明：250g/L丙环唑乳油3000倍液抑制效果最好且药效持续时间长,可作为该病的候选药剂。本试验结果可为防治尖孢炭疽菌引起的辣椒炭疽病提供理论依据和用药参考。     

盐胁迫对滨梅幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以滨梅幼苗为试材,研究了不同浓度盐(NaCl)胁迫下植株生长及渗透调节物质的响应。结果表明:0.5%NaCl能显著促进滨梅幼苗的生长及水分代谢,但相对膜透性与对照比无显著差异;1.0%NaCl与对照无显著差异,2.0%NaCl显著抑制滨梅幼苗生长及水分代谢,相对膜透性显著增加;随着NaCl浓度的增加,滨梅叶内的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量及有机渗透调节物质总量显著增加,而脯氨酸含量的变化不明显。     

NaCl胁迫对骆驼蓬属植物渗透调节作用的影响

研究NaCl处理对骆驼蓬属植物幼苗生物量、植株中主要无机离子和有机溶质的含量及渗透调节能力的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬在NaCl浓度小于200 mmol/L,骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬小于100 mmol/L时促进根系和地上部干重的增加,超过相应浓度时,幼苗生物量明显下降。3种植物根系和叶片的Na 和Cl-含量随NaCl浓度升高而增加,NO3-含量及K /Na 比则下降,K 对Na 的选择性吸收和运输SK,Na增大,但多裂骆驼蓬叶片的离子运输SK,Na则降低,Ca2 、Mg2 含量有升有降。无机离子占总计算渗透势(COP)的68.37%~83.82%,但随NaCl浓度增大而降低;可溶性糖和氨基酸含量随NaCl浓度增大明显增加,有机酸和脯氨酸变化不明显。有机物质约占COP的16.18%~31.63%,且随NaCl浓度提高而增大。骆驼蓬、骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬的渗透调节能力随NaCl浓度增加而增强,其中叶片的渗透调节能力大于根系,渗透调节能力骆驼蓬>骆驼蒿>多裂骆驼蓬,表明骆驼蓬比骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬具有更强适应盐渍生境的能力。     

Effect of foliar-applied potassium chloride on septoria leaf blotch of winter wheat

The effect of foliar-applied potassium chloride on Septoria tritici , the anamorph of Mycosphaerella graminicola , was quantified and possible modes of action investigated during controlled-environment and field experiments. A field experiment in harvest year 1997 showed c . 50% reduction in the area of leaf 2 of winter wheat plants affected by septoria leaf blotch after foliar application of potassium chloride, compared with untreated controls. Similarly, in harvest year 1998 potassium chloride reduced, by about one-third, the area of the flag and penultimate leaf affected by S. tritici . However, a significant yield increase was not observed, although grains m⁻² did show an increase of borderline significance. Applications of epoxiconazole reduced the area of leaf 4 affected by S. tritici compared with untreated controls, whereas applications of chlorothalonil, potassium chloride or polyethylene glycol proved ineffective against disease development. This may suggest that potassium chloride is relatively immobile and possesses contact activity similar to that of chlorothalonil. In 1998, similar reductions in leaf area affected were observed with the inert osmoticum polyethylene glycol in the field, suggesting that the control provided by potassium chloride may be achieved by adverse osmotic effects on the pathogen. Scanning electron microscopy of germinating conidia on wheat plants showed inhibition of conidial germination by both potassium chloride and polyethylene glycol at the same calculated osmotic potential on the leaf surface.     

农户绿色生产技术采纳行为及其效应——以测土配方施肥技术为例

为揭示农户绿色生产技术采纳行为决策的规律性和显化其行为效应,基于鄱阳湖平原6个产粮大县的607份调查数据,利用内生转换回归（ESR）模型实证分析了农户采纳测土配方施肥技术的影响因素及其采纳行为的经济和生态效应。结果表明：农户采纳测土配方施肥技术主要受到家庭总收入、耕种面积和信息获取渠道的正向影响,耕地破碎度和家离农技机构距离的负向影响。测土配方施肥技术的采纳有助于农户实现水稻的增产和化肥的减量化施用,表现为在反事实假设情景下,实际采纳该技术的农户若未采纳,其水稻单位面积产值下降6.38%、化肥施用量增加2.14%;实际未采纳该技术的农户若采纳,其水稻单位面积产值提高1.83%、化肥施用量减少1.00%。鉴于此,建议降低耕地破碎度,实现适度规模经营,加强技术的宣传推广,构建技术培训体系,显化技术效益,发挥技术的示范带动效果。