江汉平原不同土地利用和起源下农田土壤有机碳组分变化

调查采集了江汉平原不同土地利用和起源农田土壤表土样品,分析总有机碳(SOC)、热水溶性有机碳(HWEC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)及其有机碳键合组分含量特征,并探讨有机碳量和与之影响的主要土壤因素的关系。结果表明:不同土地利用和起源均会影响土壤有机碳水平,表现为湿地起源水田有机碳含量(18.34±5.78)g/kg显著高于旱地(11.18±3.39)g/kg,而红壤水田有机碳含量(16.21±4.13)g/kg与旱地(14.54±3.41)g/kg之间差异不显著;不同起源水田下无显著差异,而红壤起源旱地显著高于湿地起源旱地。HWEC和LOC及其占SOC比例均表现为湿地起源水田显著高于红壤水田。不同土地利用和起源下土壤有机碳的稳定机制不同,粘粒保护在湿地起源土壤中具有显著作用,而水田条件下,土壤有机碳的化学结合稳定显得与游离氧化铁的保护有关,红壤起源水田土壤中由于游离氧化铁的大量存在,这种保护作用对于土壤有机碳的稳定具有显著的贡献。     

基于稳定同位素的上海地产蔬菜种植模式及产地判别

为保护蔬菜的优质优价及质量安全,以上海9个农业产区(宝山区、崇明区、奉贤区、嘉定区、金山区、闵行区、浦东新区、青浦区和松江区)蔬菜为研究对象,分析不同产区蔬菜的δ¹⁵N值差异及其对种植模式(常规、绿色或有机种植)的指示;对δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H和δ¹⁸O值进行单因素方差分析,并应用主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)及支持向量机(SVM)方法,建立上海地产蔬菜产地判别模型。结果表明,宝山区、松江区和嘉定区蔬菜的δ¹⁵N值占前三,且分别与δ¹⁵N值最低的浦东新区蔬菜(4.44‰)存在显著差异,且仅有浦东新区蔬菜可能为绿色或有机种植的比例低于50%;δ¹³C、δ²H和δ¹⁸O值只在部分产区间差异显著,PCA可初步实现浦东新区蔬菜与其他8个产区的鉴别;PLS-DA最优模型可以很好地实现浦东新区蔬菜产地判别(预测准确率为98.80%),SVM最优模型可以很好地实现宝山区(预测正确率96.38%)、嘉定区(预测正确率92.77%)和青浦区(预测正确率91.57%)蔬菜的产地判别,SVM最优模型可以较好地实现金山区、松江区、崇明区和奉贤区蔬菜的产地判别。本研究结果为上海地产蔬菜种植模式及产地判别提供了参考方法,并为其溯源和质量安全保护提供了基础数据。     

毛白杨起源的细胞遗传学研究

对毛白杨(PopulustomentosaCarr.)花粉母细胞减数分裂观察发现,其同源染色体联会较差,在终变期、中期Ⅰ可见到出现频率较高的单价体,在后期Ⅰ、末期Ⅰ亦可经常见到落后染色体的存在,证明部分同源染色体间存在一定程度的异质性,即毛白杨属杂种起源.进一步依据毛白杨、新疆杨和它们的杂种毛新杨染色体的联会情况及花粉育性等推断,银白杨或新疆杨有可能作为起源亲本之一参与了毛白杨种的形成.     

浅谈玉米种质创新及自交系选育途径

种质资源的多寡、优劣及其研究利用的水平,决定育种的成效。市场经济知识产权时代,使过去无条件种质交流盛况荡然无存。基于此,在与市场经济相适应的种质资源交流及其共享机制形成之前,以现有的资源为基础加速开发扩增,拓宽种质;分析探讨我国育种家利用各种种质素材选育新型优良自交系及杂交种等方面的成功经验,是育种机构育种家加速新品种选育的必然途径。     

中国原始图书起源浅议

论述了图书的形式是不断变化着的,其概念也必然是发展的。对待中国原始图书问题,要有历史发展的辩证眼光。从图书的实物载体、承载的信息内容和记录方式三个方面来考察图书原形,既不提倡图书概念的狭义论,也不支持其泛化论。对"河图"、"洛书"作为中国原始图书起源的流行说法也作出了评论。     

湖羊起源及系统地位的研究

应用中心产区典型群简单随机抽样法 ,检测控制血液酶和其他蛋白质变异的 14个结构基因座上31个等位基因的频率 ,并引用国内外 2 2个绵羊群体 11个座位的研究资料 ,以探讨湖羊的起源及系统地位。研究表明 ,湖羊与蒙古利亚的绵羊群体亲缘关系相对较近 ,两者可能在更早的世代具有共同的起源。这个结果与已知的历史事实吻合。     

The complete mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken

ABSTRACT

1. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken, and provide molecule base to preserve and explore the specific chicken strain.

2. Based on sequencing and clustering, the complete mitochondrial DNA map and sequences of Lueyang black-bone chicken were revealed, and two phylogenetic trees of Lueyang black-bone chickens based on D-loop sequences and the mitochondrial genome were constructed.

3. The results showed that the complete mitochondrial genome of Lueyang black-bone chickens is 16,784bp in size, consisting of 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and one non-coding control region. The base composition of the complete mtDNA sequence is 30.28% for A, 23.78% for T, 32.42% for C, 13.52% for G. Additionally, 10 haplotypes of D-loop sequences in 32 Lueyang black-bone chickens were detected, which were distributed into 4 clades (A, B, C and E).

4. It was concluded that genetic diversity is wide in Lueyang black-bone chickens, and this strain has multiple maternal origins from different regions in China and neighbouring regions.     

基于溶解无机碳中碳氧同位素及化学组分的瓶装饮用水产地真实性鉴别

为了鉴别我国市场上销售的瓶装饮用水的产地和产品类型,本试验分析了瓶装饮用水溶解无机碳(DIC)中的δ¹⁸O_DIC和δ¹³C_DIC、水中的δ¹⁸O和δ²H值、矿物元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Sr)含量、阴离子(Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-)含量、pH值与电导率等水化学指标,结合费希尔判别分析(Fisher-DA)建立模型,对瓶装饮用水的类别和产地进行鉴别。结果表明,不同产地瓶装饮用水的δ¹⁸O_DIC、δ¹³C_DIC、δ¹⁸O、δ²H值均具有显著差异,而且矿物元素与阴离子的含量变化范围广,具有不同的地域性特征。产地溯源判别模型对不同产地瓶装饮用水的判别准确率高达100%,且采用水化学指标还能区分瓶装饮用水的类型。正态化重要性分析显示,对产地具有指示效应的前五项重要指标分别为K、Cl^-和δ¹³C_DIC、δ²H和pH值。综上所述,通过稳定同位素指纹信息和水化学指标的差异进行融合分析,结合多元统计模型可有效鉴别市场上瓶装饮用水的真实性,保护消费者的合法权益,维护市场公平。     

Taxonomic status and geographic provenance of germplasm accessions in the Solanum nigrum L. complex: AFLP data

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) were employed within the taxonomically difficult Solanum nigrum L. complex in order to characterize the genetic diversity present in a collection of the Gatersleben Genebank, to classify taxonomically unknown material, and to correlate the clustering of the examined accessions with their geographic origin. The results from AFLP analyses using two primer combinations on 44 entries from five species led to the detection of four major clusters, simultaneously uncovering significant differences in the levels of genetic diversity within or between species. S. americanumexhibited the highest infraspecific variation despite close geographic origins, simultaneously being placed in a clearly separated cluster in comparison to the other examined species of the complex. In addition, these other species showed even less interspecific variation than was found at the infraspecific level in S. americanum. In terms of taxonomy, the application of AFLPs helped in the classification of 13 black nightshade accessions formerly only listed as Solanum sp. This also was confirmed by morphological determination. Furthermore, one accession formerly classified as S. physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum i) clustered with AFLPs and ii) was identified morphologically as S. villosum. Contradictory classifications remain for two further entries from the same species, found within the S. nigrum cluster after AFLP analyses, while belonging to S. physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum according to herbarium specimen. Finally, as indicated by the information on provenance in geographically separated subclusters in S. americanum and partially in S. villosum, clues on the currently unknown origin of accessions from the genebank seem feasible by AFLP data.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒起源及演化关系的探讨

通过综述感染人类的H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒起源及演化关系,表明感染人的A/Hongkong/97(H5N1)株及目前流行的高致病性禽流感病毒可能起源于禽源的A型流感病毒株(A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96)。自1996年以来,H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的基因型经Gs/Gd,A,B,C,D,E,V,W,X0-X3,Y,Z和Z 不断的演化为目前流行的基因型Z。高致病性禽流感病毒(H5,H7和H9亚型)在禽,特别是水禽体内的重组或重配而相互传播,并随候鸟的迁徙而传播不易消灭,H5N1亚型的禽流感在不同地区的不断暴发与流行已严重威胁着养禽业的发展及人类的健康,需要进行长期监控。