土壤有机质与水土流失的关系定量研究

土壤中有机质含量的多少是衡量土壤肥力高低的主要指标。水土流失对土地生产力的破坏,实质在于土壤肥力的下降或损失。为了探讨土壤有机质与水土流失的定量关系,在王家沟流域10～12°坡耕地上进行了4 a的定位试验。结果表明,每年1 hm²施入有机肥料30 000～75 000 kg,可以减少径流量4.8～12.4个百分点,减少土壤侵蚀量31.5%～35.4%。     

Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: Modeling and validation

Leaf chlorophyll content, a good indicator of photosynthesis activity, mutations, stress and nutritional state, is of special significance to precision agriculture. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of retrieval of chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices composed by the reflectance of specific bands. In this paper, a set of vegetation indices belonged to three classes (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified simple ratio (MSR) index and the modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI, TCARI) and the integrated forms (MCARI/OSAVI and TCARI/OSAVI)) were tested using the PROSPECT and SAIL models to explore their potentials in chlorophyll content estimation. Different bands combinations were also used to derive the modified vegetation indices. In the sensitivity study, four new formed indices (MSR[705,750], MCARI[705,750], TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750]) were proved to have better linearity with chlorophyll content and resistant to leaf area index (LAI) variations by taking into account the effect of quick saturation at 670 nm with relatively low chlorophyll content. Validation study was also conducted at canopy scale using the ground truth data in the growth duration of winter wheat (chlorophyll content and reflectance data). The results showed that the integrated indices TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750] are most appropriate for chlorophyll estimation with high correlation coefficients R² of 0.8808 and 0.9406, respectively, because more disturbances such as shadow, soil reflectance and nonphotosynthetic materials are taken into account. The high correlation between the vegetation indices obtained in the developmental stages of wheat and Hyperion data (R² of 0.6798 and 0.7618 for TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] and MCARI/OSAVI[705,750], respectively) indicated that these two integrated index can be used in practice to estimate the chlorophylls of different types of corns.     

Characterization of humus-protease complexes extracted from soil

Pyrophosphate (140 mM, pH 7.1) extracts of two arable soils and one pasture soil were ultrafiltrated separating the extracted material into three fractions: A_I with nominal molecular weight (nmw) > 100 kD, A_II with nmw between 10 kD and 100 kD and R with nmw < 10 kD. Protease activity was determined in the fractions by using three different substrates: N-benzoyl-l-argininamide (BAA), specific for trypsin; N-benzyloxy-carbonyl-l-phenylalanyl l-leucine (ZPL), specific for carboxypeptidases; and casein, essentially a non-specific substrate. The derivative fractions were also analysed for their amino acid N and humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acid contents. The organic matter of extracts and derivative fractions obtained from the pasture soil was analysed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and that of fractions analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC). Activities of the extract were monitored for their thermal stability and those of the extract and derivative fractions for their optimal pH.Due to the mechanical disintegrating action of sodium pyrophosphate over the humic substances during the fractionation process the amount of total organic C and FA in the fractions was ranked as R > A_II > A_I. The lowest amino acid N/organic C was found in the R fraction, whereas A_II fraction was rich in humic acids, carbohydrates and amino acid N and A_I fraction showed the lowest carbohydrate content. At least 70% of the total BAA- and ZPL-hydrolysing activity was associated to particles with nmw higher than 10 kD and at least 30% of these activities were present in particles with nmw higher 100 kD. Casein-hydrolysing activity was quite evenly distributed among the three fractions (A_I, A_II and R). The extracted protease-organic complexes were resistant to thermal denaturation and some of them showed optimal activity at pH values higher than 10 as a result of the polyanionic characteristics of the humic material surrounding enzyme molecules and of the presence of alkaline protease. Comparison of data obtained in Py-GC analyses and in protease activity suggests that BAA-hydrolysing activity was associated to a highly condensed humic matter and ZPL-hydrolysing activity to less resistant humic substances, while at least some of the extracted casein-hydrolysing activity was present as glyco-proteins not associated to humus. BAA-hydrolysing activity was probably inhibited by fresh organic matter of carbohydrate origin whereas lignin derived organic matter probably inhibited ZPL- and casein-hydrolysing activity.     

基于物元评判模型的土地整理综合效益评价方法研究

利用物元分析理论,将土地整理综合效益的等级、评价指标及其特征值作为物元,确定土地整理综合效益的经典域、节域及待判物元,应用物元和可拓集合中的关联函数建立了土地整理综合效益物元评判模型。并以山西省阳高县王官屯等二乡(镇)土地开发整理项目为例,对土地整理综合效益物元评判模型进行了实证研究,其综合效益的等级属于程度Km(P)=(-0.101,0.037,-0.431),属于"一般"等级,与模糊综合评价结果相似,符合项目区的实际情况。物元模型应用于土地整理综合效益评价作为一种初步的尝试与探索,为定量评价土地整理综合效益提供了一种新的思路。     

The growth of tagestes erecta,petunia hybrida nana compacta and myosotis alpestris in a range of peat‐based container media

Abstract

The dry matter yield and nitrogen content of marigold (Tagestes erecta), petunia (Petunia hybrida nana compacta) and forget‐me‐not (Myosotis alpestris) plants growing in a range of peat‐based container media amended with different proportions of either sand, perlite, pumice, sawdust, bark chips or soil were studied under glasshouse nursery conditions.

Plant responses differed between species as manifested by their different correlations with measured moisture and aeration characteristics of the media. Marigold and petunia were adversely affected by excessive moisture content as demonstrated by their negative correlation with micropore water and container capacity. However, forget‐me‐not, being adapted to relatively high moisture regimes, responded adversely to increased aeration.     

黄土区切沟治理水土保持效益的研究

为研究黄土区切沟治理效益，在山西吉县进行大量的调查研究.研究表明治理切沟的防洪减沙效益十分明显，降雨量为70.4mm，30min最大雨强0.92mm/min.未治理切沟土壤侵蚀量达2389t/km     

现代信息环境下文献检索课教学内容改革探索

现代信息环境的根本性变化 ,促使文献检索课进行重大改革。本文通过对现代信息环境的分析 ,探讨了文献检索课教学内容改革的方向、思路及新课程内容体系的构建。     

五种养殖鲟、鳇鱼DNA含量的比较

采用德国Partec Pas Ⅲ型流式细胞仪,以鸡红细胞为标准DNA(含量为2.3pg/N),测定了俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt)、西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii Brandt)、史氏鲟(Acipenser schrencki Brandt)、小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus)和达氏鳇(Huso dauricus Ceorgi)的体细胞DNA含量。结果表明,在上述五种鲟鱼类的DNA含量中,俄罗斯鲟、西伯利亚鲟和史氏鲟的DNA含量非常接近,分别为12.24pg/N,11.60ps/N,11.59pg/N,三种鲟鱼相比较差异并不显著。小体鲟和达氏鳇的DNA含量是6.06pg/N和4.77pg/N,两种鱼相比较差异也不显著。但与上述三种鲟鱼相比较DNA含量几乎相差1倍。从测定的结果并结合已发表的有关鲟鱼类资料可以确定俄罗斯鲟,西伯利亚鲟和史氏鲟属于八倍体类型,而小体鲟和达氏鳇则属于四倍体类型。     

辣椒地方品种的主成分分析及数量分类

为了进一步优化辣椒杂交品种，估算了36个辣椒地方品种的主要病害抗性、果实营养含量和农艺性状等15个性状的主成分值，并将其分为5大类．结果表明：数量分类的结果基本反映了辣椒品种间的遗传差异，符合实际情况．当主成分的特征值的累计贡献率大于75％时，主成分值就能基本反映原来性状的遗传特征．比较不同的系统聚类方法，类平均法较好地适用于辣椒品种的数量分类。     

增氧对粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收及其底泥微环境的影响

为探明增氧对粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收及其底泥微环境的影响,本研究以粉绿狐尾藻为材料进行盆栽试验,以不增氧处理为对照(CK),分别设置O₁(4 min)、O₂(6 min)、O₃(8 min)、O₄(10 min)4个增氧水平,系统研究了粉绿狐尾藻不同生长时期氮素吸收及其底泥铵态氮、硝态氮含量等的变化规律,揭示了增氧调控底泥微环境、提高粉绿狐尾藻对水体氮污染物降解能力的机理。结果表明：无论增氧与否,粉绿狐尾藻根部和地上部氮素吸收量及植株氮素积累量均随生长时间延长呈逐渐增加趋势,且地上部氮素吸收量均高于根部;与CK相比,生长前期(t₁、t₂时期)增氧8 min、中后期(t₃、t₄、t₅时期)增氧6 min对应的粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收与积累量均最大,其中增氧6 min对应t₅时期的粉绿狐尾藻植株氮积累量为171.08 mg·株^-1。增氧使粉绿狐尾藻生长前期底泥pH...