“果畜结合”生态果园调查报告

果畜结合是改善洛川县果园土壤有机质含量低、土壤肥力不足,提高苹果产量和质量有效途径。     

近20年新疆农田生态系统碳足迹时空变化

利用1994—2013年新疆农田生产投入和农作物产量等数据,采用碳排放系数法估算了新疆农田生态系统的碳排放量、碳吸收量及碳足迹的变化动态以及在各县市的空间分布特征。结果表明:新疆农田生态系统的碳排量从1994年的179.46万t增长到2013年的474.15万t;不同年份农业碳排放均主要源于化肥使用量的增加和不科学的灌溉方式,其最大贡献率分别为40.02%和41.56%;农田生态系统的碳吸收量20年间增加了2185.04万t,棉花对新疆农田生态系统的碳吸收量贡献最大,多年平均贡献率达47%;新疆农田生态系统的碳排放量、碳吸收量区域主要集中在南疆的县市并呈现出沿天山对称的趋势;1994—2013年,农田生态系统碳足迹呈现快速增长态势,从1994年的2 732.63×104C·hm-2·a-1增加至2013年的4 474.89×104C·hm-2·a-1,碳足迹增加了283.59×104C·hm-2·a-1,表明新疆农田生态系统存在碳生态盈余的现象,种植结构生态效益指数大于1的年份为11个,种植结构的调整迫在眉睫。     

Identification,Characteristics and Function of Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in the Agar Biosynthesis and Carbon Flux in the Agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Agar is widely applied across the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, owing to its various bioactive functions. To better understand the agar biosynthesis in commercial seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, the activities of four enzymes participating in the agar biosynthesis were detected, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was confirmed as highly correlated with agar accumulation. Three genes of PGM (GlPGM1, GlPGM2 and GlPGM3) were identified from the G. lemaneiformis genome. The subcellular localization analysis validated that GlPGM1 was located in the chloroplast and GlPGM3 was not significantly distributed in the organelles. Both the GlPGM1 and GlPGM3 protein levels showed a remarkable consistency with the agar variations, and GlPGM3 may participate in the carbon flux between (iso)floridoside, floridean starch and agar synthesis. After treatment with the PGM inhibitor, the agar and floridean starch contents and the activities of floridean starch synthase were significantly decreased; products identified in the Calvin cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were depressed; however, lipids, phenolic acids and the intermediate metabolites, fructose-1,6-phosphate were upregulated. These findings reveal the essential role of PGM in regulating the carbon flux between agar and other carbohydrates in G. lemaneiformis, providing a guide for the artificial regulation of agar accumulation.     

Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems

Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms.     

盐类对南方根结线虫迁移能力和侵入能力的影响

为探讨无机盐和有机盐对南方根结线虫的作用方式,在室内利用沙柱法和染色法测定了二者对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫迁移能力及侵入番茄根部能力的影响。结果表明,随着各盐处理浓度的增加,南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的迁移能力和侵入能力显著降低。在4μg/m L KSCN、C6H8O7、KCl、KH2PO4、KHCO3和Mn SO4·H2O沙柱中,15 d后2龄幼虫的平均迁移距离最小,分别为0、0.33、0.52、0.53、0.55和0.58 cm,而对照为0.94 cm。2龄幼虫在Ba NO3、K2HPO4、KHCO3、Cs Cl和KSCN各浓度沙柱中的平均迁移距离均小于0.94 cm。2μg/m L NH4NO3、KH2PO4、(NH4)2CO3、Cs Cl、(NH4)2SO4、Na SCN和NH4SCN处理15 d后,2龄幼虫对番茄根部的侵入率最低,分别为1%、2.33%、1.33%、2%、2%、1%和1.67%。表明对2龄幼虫侵入番茄根部抑制效果最明显的盐为NH4NO3、KH2PO4、(NH4)2CO3、Cs Cl、(NH4)2SO4、Na SCN和NH4SCN。     

基于模型和GIS的农田有机肥供氮量时空变化分析

将自主研制的有机肥氮素动态释放模型与地理信息系统(GIS)集成,对江苏省2000年农田有机肥供氮量(FOND)的空间变化以及1985～2000年间FOND的变化趋势和成因进行分析,并通过设置稻麦秸秆增量还田情景,评价进一步提高FOND的可能性.结果表明:1985年以来,全省平均FOND供应量逐年增加,苏东地区除射阳、大丰、启东等产棉区以外,大部分地区的FOND都较高,苏北地区次之,而苏中和苏南地区则相对较低.粮食单产提高、养殖业迅速发展、机收面积逐年扩大以及气候变暖是导致我省FOND总体提高的主要原因,秸秆加量还田可以进一步提高FOND.     

光周期与氮肥互作对华农1号青饲玉米碳氮代谢相关酶的影响

于2005年3-7月,采用盆栽试验,设置3个不同光照长度处理和氮素水平,研究了不同光照时数及氮素水平对远缘玉米杂交种华农1号青饲玉米碳氮代谢相关酶活性的影响.结果表明,在苗期,16 h光照处理下植株叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和硝酸还原酶等酶的活性显著低于13和10 h光照处理;至抽雄期和收获期,13和10 h处理下植株叶片各种酶的活性下降速率较快,而16 h处理下酶活性下降缓慢且显著高于13和10 h处理.在抽雄期或收获期,16 h处理下叶片各种酶的活性均随施氮量的增加而增加,但在13和10 h处理下均有几种酶的活性在高氮素水平下出现下降的趋势.总的看来,在16 h光照处理下,植株苗期碳氮代谢相对较弱,到中后期代谢能力明显提高,且耐高氮能力也较强,收获期植株叶片酶的活性显著高于13和10 h处理.     

内蒙古草甸草原生物量碳分配格局

以中国北方草甸草原为研究对象,借助GIS等工具手段,在草地群落类型实测数据基础上,对内蒙古草甸草原的地上/地下生物量分配开展定量研究,主要结论如下:1)内蒙古草甸草原的生物量碳密度为660.43 g C/m²,其中地榆群落(460.63 g C/m²)具有最高的地上生物量碳密度,地榆群落(787.10 g C/m²)和五花草塘群落(776.22 g C/m²)具有最高的地下生物量碳密度,其他群落间则不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);2)温带草甸草原以16.60×10⁶ hm²的面积,贡献了111.20 Tg的生物量碳,其中地上生物量碳为27.57 Tg,地下生物量碳为83.63 Tg,根冠比(R∶S)为3.03;3)地下生物量沿土壤深度的分布可分为两种类型:线叶菊、芨芨草、野大麦、地榆、贝加尔针茅、苔草以及五花草塘群落属于“指数型”,其地下生物量主要分布在0~10 cm土壤层,且符合指数函数,该类型占据草原群落的主要部分;拂子茅、小叶锦鸡儿以及芦苇群落属于“抛物线”形,其地下生物量主要分布在0~10 cm和20~40 cm土壤层,该类别群落主要为灌木或半灌木,分布曲线不符合指数函数而符合二次函数。     

番茄施用纪高氨基酸有机肥试验效果分析

通过纪高氨基酸有机肥对番茄应用的试验研究,结果表明应用纪高氨基酸有机肥能使番茄植株生长健壮,具有明显的增产抗病效果。     

水溶有机肥对水稻促早熟的效果研究

为验证水溶有机肥促进水稻早熟的作用,减轻不利天气对水稻产量的影响,采用对比试验的方法,从水稻生育期、病害发生、茎蘖动态、产量性状和经济效益等方面,分析水溶有机肥对水稻生产的影响.试验结果显示,水溶有机肥能使水稻成熟期提早2 d,增强植株抗逆性,增产增效.