Soil loss and runoff on semiarid land as amended with urban solid refuse

Organic amendment is a proved method of improving soil physical properties thus affecting runoff and soil erosion. Urban wastes are a potential source of organic matter and their use would also be a convenient way of disposing of them. A field experiment was conducted from October 1988 to September 1993 in a semiarid Mediterranean site to determine the effect of applying several rates (65, 130, 195 and 260 Mg ha⁻¹) of organic urban solid refuse (USR) on total runoff and soil loss. At the lowest rate, total runoff decreased by 67 per cent compared to the control plot. The decrease was 98 per cent when the highest rate was used. The lowest rate reduced total sediment loss by 81 per cent and the highest rate of 99 per cent. The decrease in soil erodibility at the different USR rates varied from 76 to 95 per cent depending on the year for the lowest rate and between 90 and 99 per cent for the other rates. Clear differences in the hydrologic and erosion responses were found between the eight initial rainfall events (during the first 10 months of the experiment) and the remainder of the events. The causes of such differences were due to the initial tillage of the soil by rotovation and the growth of natural vegetation in the treated plots. The mechanical effect of tillage reduced runoff and increased soil erodibility, although the effect was short‐lived. The addition of USR reduced runoff but lasted longer. An applied rate of 90–100 Mg ha⁻¹ could be considered suitable for application in semiarid zones. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fast and efficient discrimination of the Isotoma viridis group (Insecta: Collembola) by PCR-RFLP

Identification of collembolan species is generally based on specific morphological characters, such as chaetotaxy and pigmentation pattern. However, some specimens do not match to described characters because these refer to adult specimens, often of one specific sex, or the characters are highly variable in adults (e.g. pigmentation, setae or furcal teeth). Isozymes have frequently assisted species discrimination, and also these may vary with developmental stage or environmental conditions. For identification of single species of the Isotoma viridis group, we present both direct sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) gene and a simple DNA-based molecular method.

Five PCR primers amplifying the COII region (717 bp) of the mitochondrial DNA were used. The sequences clearly separated the species I. viridis, I. riparia and I. anglicana, irrespective of colour varieties within the first species. DNA amplification products of different species can also be distinguished by digestion with restriction endonucleases, followed by gel electrophoresis for separation of fragments. This restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), obtained after digestion with the endonucleases TaqI, VspI, MvaI and Bsp143I, revealed specific fragments that separated the three species from each other. Since restriction enzymes are sensitive to single base mutations, we suggest to use a combination of enzymes with at least two species-specific restriction sites when using the RFLP technique. For the I. viridis complex, VspI and Bsp143I appear to be an appropriate combination.     

渭-库绿洲土壤剖面盐分分布特征及驱动因子分析

[目的]监测渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化的空间分布特征,探究驱动因子作用机理,对当地因地制宜进行土壤盐渍化调控。[方法]采用决策树、克里金插值和灰色关联度分析研究了渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化的剖面分布特征,着重分析了样本点海拔、植被覆盖度、地下水位、TW( I 地形湿度指数)、地下水矿化度5个驱动因子对土壤盐渍化的影响。[结果]①研究区表层土壤(0~10 cm)属于重度盐渍化土壤,10~20、20~40、40~60 cm各深度剖面土壤属于中度盐渍化土壤。土壤EC1:5有强的空间变异性,其分布格局受灌溉等人为驱动因素的影响较大。②绿洲内部(即耕作区)表层土壤属于非盐渍化区域,绿洲东部10~20、20~40、40~60cm土层有轻、中度的盐渍化现象。绿洲内部表层以下土壤盐分高于表层,绿洲存在潜在的盐渍化风险。耕作区外围绿洲-荒漠交错带区域各剖面层均属于盐渍化区域,随着剖面深度的增加,盐渍化程度在不断减弱。③样本点海拔、植被覆盖度、地下水位、TWI、地下水矿化度与土壤EC1:5的灰色关联度大小次序为:0~10 cm土层:地下水矿化度>TWI>样本点的海拔>植被覆盖度>地下水位;10~20、20~40 cm土层:地下水矿化度>样本点的海拔>TWI>植被覆盖度>地下水位。[结论]渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化主要分布在绿洲-荒漠交错带区域,土壤盐分表聚强烈,地下水矿化度是造成该研究区土壤盐渍化问题的首要原因。     

"三农"问题及其对策

"三农"问题主要表现为农民收入增长缓慢,城乡居民收入差距拉大;农村发展被忽视,城市化进程滞后. 针对城乡发展中存在的问题,提出了改变城市偏向观念及确立城乡一体化意识、切实增加对农业的财政支持、统一城乡要素市场、调整产业战略及统筹城乡二三产业等一系列促进城乡经济发展的措施.     

辽宁西北部主要绿化树种对空气颗粒物滞留能力研究

采用洗脱法测定了辽西北地区阜新市15种常见绿化树种单位叶面积滞留粗颗粒物(TSP)及细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的质量,分析比较了15种树种叶片去除TSP和PM_(2.5)能力以及随着空间变化的规律。结果表明:(1)不同树种单位叶面积TSP和PM_(2.5)滞留量均存在显著差异,变化范围分别为3.68~5.94g/m~2和0.47~0.92g/m~2,树种间滞留能力的差值可达2倍左右。(2)在同一个功能区不同树种滞留TSP和PM_(2.5)的差异由树冠高度(绿篱灌木乔木)和叶表面粗糙度(叶表面沟槽宽度的不同可能是沟槽宽度过宽和过窄均不利于叶片捕集颗粒物,且颗粒物滞留量随沟槽深度增加而增大)以及叶片比叶重(比叶重大的滞尘量大)等所引起。(3)在不同功能区同一树种单位叶面积滞留TSP量的排序为工业区商业交通区露天矿区清洁区,而PM_(2.5)滞留量则无明显差异。乔木中新疆杨、灌木中紫丁香的单位叶面积滞留量与单株滞留量都较高,起到明显的降尘作用,是沙尘频发的辽西北地区城市绿化树种的优先之选。     

基于城市生态安全的防护林体系建设探讨——以广州“绿色亚运”增绿行动计划防护林建设为例

城市防护林建设是城市安全重要内容,建设好城市防护林对城市可持续发展有着重要意义.广州“绿色亚运”增绿行动防护林建设是系统论、景观生态学理论的融合,是践行建设生态高效、景观优美、城乡一体、以人为本的宜居城市防护林体系.文章在对广州防护林现状分析的基础上,从沿海防护林、工业园防护林、农田林网三大建设工程方面对广州“绿色亚运...     

城市植物种类构成的特征分析——以厦门市为例

以厦门市为例,利用大量调查数据,探讨城市植物种类结构的特征及植物多样性的潜在问题.结果显示,厦门市植物种类丰富,种类构成的特征明显.在调查记录到的467种植物中,国家级珍稀濒危物种只有6种.植物种的频度分布符合Logistic函数(R~20.99),其中1个科、1个属和25个种高于多样性管理的10/20/30准则.低频物种占总种数的81.5%,热带分布植物属占草本的72.4%及木本的72.3%.绿地野生草本植物经常遭受人为破坏,但依然占总种数的37.5%.绿地建设中应进一步重视低频及稀有物种的保护和物种构成的协调,通过有效的政策措施减少野生草本植物的人为破坏是提高城市生物多样性的有效途径.     

绿洲区不同灌溉方式及灌溉量对苜蓿田土壤盐分运移的影响

为探讨绿洲区不同灌溉方式及灌溉量对苜蓿田土壤盐分空间分布及运移的影响,在苜蓿生长第2年设滴灌和漫灌2种灌溉方式,每种灌溉方式设3个灌溉梯度,对土壤电导率进行了测定与分析。结果表明,随生育进程的推进及灌水次数的增加,整个苜蓿生育期内土壤盐分含量呈波动式递减的变化趋势。滴灌方式下0～40 cm 土层、漫灌方式下0～30 cm 土层在灌溉后土壤处于脱盐状态;滴灌方式下在50～60 cm 土层、漫灌方式下在40～60 cm土层土壤处于积盐状态。在水平及垂直方向上,随灌水量的增加,2种灌溉方式下土壤盐分峰值位均呈下移趋势,灌溉后土壤盐分含量随土壤深度的增加而增大,土壤盐分主要集中于土壤40～60 cm 土层,且滴灌方式下的“驱盐”效果要好于漫灌。在考虑成本、产出等综合经济效益时,当灌水量达到某种定额（滴灌下3000 m3／hm2,苜蓿干草产量为1406 kg／667 m2,漫灌下5250 m3／hm2,其干草产量为1504 kg／667 m2）后即可达到最佳的“驱盐”及高产效果,在绿洲区苜蓿田过多的灌溉量只会导致水资源的更多浪费。对绿洲区盐渍化较重的农田进行灌溉时,应尽量选取合理的灌溉制度及适宜的灌水量,以达到土壤盐分淋洗和经济效益最大化的双赢。     

上海都市农业旅游空间结构研究

都市农业旅游业是都市农业产业发展与都市居民旅游需求共同作用下的产物,旅游业与都市农业的结合是该产业的核心特性,在区域空间上表现为都市农业旅游空间结构.研究首先基于上海市都市农业旅游产业发展与开发模式的现状调研,对其都市农业旅游的产业发展特征进行分析,判别出目前上海市的7大都市农业旅游产业集群,并由此分析都市农业旅游的产业发展对其空间结构的影响.结果表明,上海市都市农业旅游呈现出“圈层+组团”的空间结构形态.“圈层”反映了上海市都市农业旅游强度与旅游形式变化规律,“组团”则体现出都市农业旅游点的地区内合作与旅游产业集群化发展.     

不同耕作方式对绿洲区夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及酶活性的影响

[目的]研究民勤荒漠绿洲区免耕(Tn)、少耕(Tm)、深松(Ts)和秋翻(Tf)4种耕作方式下土壤呼吸速率的动态变化及其与土壤酶活性的关系,为制定科学有效的土壤碳调控管理措施提供依据。[方法]在2a的田间定位试验基础上,利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统测定不同生育时期(苗期、抽穗期和成熟期)玉米田土壤呼吸速率动态变化,同时取0—20cm土样测定土壤酶活性和理化性质。[结果](1)民勤荒漠绿洲区土壤呼吸具有典型的日动态变化,4种耕作措施土壤呼吸速率日变化在玉米整个生育期呈单峰曲线变化,土壤呼吸速率依次为:TfTmTsTn,有机碳含量与土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关(p0.05),说明在民勤荒漠绿洲区,传统耕作明显加快了玉米农田土壤碳的释放。(2)土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与土壤呼吸有较好相关性(p0.05),其中与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性达到极显著水平(p0.01);pH值、速效钾、有机碳与脲酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡糖糖苷酶活性达到极显著水平(p0.01)。[结论]耕作方式可以通过改变荒漠绿洲区土壤理化性质、激发酶活性从而使土壤呼吸速率发生不同程度的改变,影响玉米田CO2的释放。