近40a来精河流域绿洲土地利用/土地覆被时空动态演变

以1972-2010年精河绿洲的遥感影像及相关资料为依据通过对LUCC的对比分析发现:(1)近40a年来,研究区的未利用土地、水域、低覆盖度植被区面积始终保持前三位。(2)LUCC类型发生了显著变化,耕地、建设用地、未利用土地呈增势,其中建设用地和未利用地为主要转入类型;水域和植被覆盖区呈减势,其中水域和低、高覆盖度植被区为主要转出类型。(3)植被退化和水域面积减少主要受到年均温上升、年蒸发量增大等自然因素影响;建设用地和耕地面积增大主要受到人口增长、城市快速发展等人文因素的影响。     

Vegetation fractional coverage change in a typical oasis region in Tarim River Watershed based on remote sensing

Vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system.The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing(RS).In this paper,the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers,which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed.The current study was based on the TM/ETM+ images of 1989,2001,and 2006,and supported by Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis,vegetation index,and dimidiate pixel model.In addition,VBSI(vegetation,bare soil and shadow indices) suitable for TM/ETM+ images,constructed with FCD(forest canopy density) model principle and put forward by ITTO(International Tropical Timber Organization),was used,and it was applied to estimate the VFC.The estimation accuracy was later proven to be up to 83.52%.Further,the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis.Forest,grassland,and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage,and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation.The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area,whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change.Therefore,planting trees,protecting grasslands,reclaiming farmlands,and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage.Finally,the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover digital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.     

基于土地利用/覆被变化的绿洲城市土地生态风险综合评价——以甘州区为例

土地利用/覆被变化通过改变土地生态系统的结构和功能,影响地区生态系统的安全与健康程度。基于甘州区2001-2008年的土地利用变更数据,建立土地利用生态风险评价指标,结合马尔可夫概率转移矩阵,对该区域土地利用变化的生态效益风险及其社会影响进行综合评价。同时,借助GIS技术与相关统计分析方法,对甘州区2008年土地利用/覆被现状存在的生态风险进行空间量化分析。研究表明：① 2008年,甘州区土地利用/覆被存在的生态风险集中在耕地和未利用地,两者的比例占全区总面积的87.32%;② 甘州区土地利用类型研究期内发生了复杂的相互转换,地类交错地带生态风险尤为显著;③ 土地利用程度指数的上升,反映出土地利用的广度、深度不断增加,土地利用处于发展期;④ 甘州区2008年较2001年的土地综合风险指数有所上升,人类活动的影响在一定程度上增加了区域潜在的生态风险。     

干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Zn复合污染下重金属形态及其生物有效性的研究

通过模拟基于Cd-Zn复合污染下干旱区绿洲土壤的胡萝卜盆栽试验,用Tessier连续提取法对胡萝卜土壤中Cd、Zn的形态分布进行分析,同时就生物利用性形态的变化研究了Cd、Zn的生物有效性。结果表明:1)原状土壤中Cd和Zn主要以残渣态存在,随着复合胁迫浓度的增加,Cd的主要赋存形态逐步转变为碳酸盐结合态和可交换态,Zn主要赋存形态逐步转变为以铁锰氧化态和残渣态,但有效态和潜在有效态的比例大大增加。2)胡萝卜对Cd、Zn的富集作用均为地上部分大于地下部分,对Cd的富集能力远远大于Zn。3)胡萝卜吸收的Cd和Zn不仅包括可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,还包括了在一定条件下释放出来的铁锰氧化态和有机结合态。     

宝鸡市12区县水资源生态安全基尼系数分析

为了能够统筹安排宝鸡市的水资源,提高水资源的利用率,对未来区域经济发展中如何确保生态安全提出对策提供一定的参考依据,本研究结合宝鸡市12区、县水资源的现状,应用洛伦兹曲线的基本原理及基尼系数计算方法,对2009年宝鸡市的水资源与耕地资源、GDP和人口布局等的匹配程度进行分析。计算得到宝鸡市水资源与耕地资源、GDP、人口匹配的基尼系数分别是0.3527、0.4501、0.5472,可以认为宝鸡市水资源与耕地资源匹配较好,而与GDP和人口分布匹配却极不平衡。     

民勤绿洲生态环境脆弱性模糊物元分析评价

针对民勤绿洲水资源、环境和土地利用现状,利用定量分析方法对民勤绿洲生态环境脆弱性进行总体评价.在分析影响民勤绿洲生态环境因素的基础上,将模糊理论、层次分析法和物元可拓集合有机结合起来,建立了民勤绿洲生态环境脆弱性评价的模糊物元模型.该模型充分考虑水资源、环境、土地资源和人工干预等指标.计算结果表明:民勤绿洲生态环境脆弱性状况总体评价为Ⅲ级,即非常脆弱.该方法简捷、易于计算编程,为西北旱区生态环境脆弱性评价提供了一种新的思路.     

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fie     

Seasonal patterns in water uptake for Medicago sativa grown along an elevation gradient with shallow groundwater table in Yanchi county of Ningxia,Northwest China

Lucerne(Medicago sativa L.) is a deep-rooted perennial leguminous forage with high evapo-transpiration rate exceeding the annual precipitation in semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Groundwater might be the potential water sources of lucerne in the area with shallow groundwater table.In this study,stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem sap were analyzed to determine the seasonal(April,June,July and August) and topographic(three slope positions) variations in water sources for lucerne growing in Ningxia eastern semi-arid area adjacent to Mu Us Desert characterized by shallow groundwater table.Iso Source software was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake.Stomatal conductance,stem water potential,carbon isotope discrimination(?~(13)C) of whole plant were also determined for evaluating the water status of lucerne growing at different slope positions.The results showed that soil water content increased as the elevation decreased.Oxygen compositions of soil water in the 0–40 cm profile fluctuated considerably.Soil water δ~(18)O values in deep profile(3.5 m) were similar to those in groundwater,implying the recharge of groundwater to this soil layer.Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile(below 350 cm) was recorded for lucerne grown at the slope position 1(groundwater table depth of 3.5–3.9 m) in April,June and July.The lucernes at slope position 2(groundwater table depth of 5.8–6.4 m) and slope position 3(groundwater table depth 7.1–8.3 m) mostly used water from deep soil layers(below 350 cm) during dry period,and turned to use water from superficial soil layer in wet period.Higher yield,?~(13)C value of whole plant and stomatal conductance were observed for lucerne grown at the slope position 1 than those at other slope positions.These results indicated that groundwater is a significant water source for transpiration of lucerne grown in Ningxia semi-arid area with shallow groundwater table where lucerne grassland is suggested to be established so as to obtain better yield performance.     

渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲植物气候生产力变化特征分析

收集位于渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲区的库车气象站和沙雅气象站1961～2000年的气温和降水实测资料,应用Thamthwaite Memorial模型计算渭于河一库车河三角洲绿洲区近40 a来自然植被净第一性气候生产力,并以回归分析和趋势线分析方法分析了其年际变化特征.结果表明:①近40 a来渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲区自然植被净第一性气候生产力呈现出明显的增长趋势,其变化倾向率为28.21 g/(m2·10a),在40 a中增加约为112.84 g/m2,近40 a来研究区自然植被净第一性气候生产力的变化趋势为自北向南显著增加.②由于研究区水热条件的不同,自然植被净第一性气候生产力有明显的区域差异,整个研究区近40 a的自然植被净第一性气候生产力平均值为123.35 g/(m2·a),北部库车县137.10 g/(m2·a),南部沙雅县110.16 g/(m2·a),即自然植被净第一性气候生产力的空间分布是北高南低.③研究区自然植被净第一性气候生产力与年降水量的相关性优于自然植被净第一性气候生产力与年均气温之闻的相关性,因为渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲是个干旱区绿洲,气候干燥,水资源短缺,降水是自然植被净第一性气候生产力的主要限制因子.     

甘肃兰州市耕地动态变化与驱动力关系定量研究

利用1990～2004年兰州市耕地统计资料,对该地区耕地资源利用与变化的基本特征和主要驱动机制进行了分析。运用主成分分析法对耕地变化及其影响因子的关系进行了定量研究,将其概括为人口经济因素和农业科技因素。在此基础上,建立了耕地动态变化与社会驱动因子之间的回归模型。