Cumulative Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Yield,Nutrients Uptake and Economics by Rice–Wheat Cropping System in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years in sandy loam soil, to study the direct effect of organic manures i.e. sewage sludge (SS), vermicompost (VC) and sesbania (SB) and chemical fertilizers on rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in sequence in winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) season during 2015–2016 to 2016–2017 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Residual effect of organic sources of nutrients as SS, VC and SB were monitored up to fourth crop (II wheat) in sequence applied in conjunction with 75% recommended dose of fertilize (RDF). Among the nutrient sources, the maximum grain yield in I rice (4.89 t ha^?1), II rice (4.95 t ha^?1), was recorded in treatment T₃ (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) whereas in I wheat (4.68 t ha^?1) and II wheat (4.59 t ha^?1), it was recorded in T₄ (customized fertilizer). The maximum straw yield during all four crops was recorded in T₃ (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) in rice and T₄ (customized fertilizer) in wheat crop, which showed 25, 32, 23 and 28% increase over 100% RDF (T₂). Application of 100% RDF along with S, Zn, B and customized fertilizer increased the total uptake of N, P, K, S and B and also in net returns and B:C ratio followed by organic treatments.     

北京典型耕作土壤养分的近红外光谱分析

为研究土壤养分含量分布信息,以从北京郊区一块试验田采集的72个土壤样品为试验材料,应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术分析了土样的全氮、全钾、有机质养分含量和pH值。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对光谱数据与土壤养分实测值进行回归分析,建立预测模型,以模型决定系数(R2)、校正标准差(RMSECV)、预测标准差(RMSEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)作为模型精度的评价指标。结果表明,利用该模型与光谱数据对土壤全氮、全钾、有机质养分含量和pH值进行预测,结果与实测数据具有较好的一致性,最高决定系数R2达到0.9544。偏最小二乘回归方法建立的养分预测模型能准确地对北京地区褐土土质全氮、有机质、全钾和pH值4种养分进行预测。     

渭河平原县域农田土壤速效养分空间特征

土壤速效养分对评价土壤肥力水平具有很好的表征作用,对其充分了解是土壤养分管理和合理施肥的基础。本研究以兴平市为例,综合运用传统统计学、地统计学和GIS技术,结合“3414”田间肥效方案,研究渭河平原农田土壤速效氮、磷和钾的空间特征及其变化规律,为区域平衡施肥、农田保养和农业生产提供科学指导和理论基础。结果表明,兴平市农田土壤速效氮、磷和钾平均含量分别为38.38 mg·kg^-1,27.13 mg·kg^-1,202.07 mg·kg^-1,速效氮磷比值平均为1.99。在约400 m采样尺度下,3项土壤养分均表现出弱的空间相关性,主要受施肥管理、种植模式等人为活动影响。整体上,土壤速效钾含量丰富;速效磷整体较丰富,7.43%的农田缺乏;速效氮普遍不高,67.98%农田缺乏;速效氮磷比值偏低,92.27%农田比值小于2。30 a来,农田土壤速效氮普遍下降,降幅西高东低、北高南低;速效磷普遍增加,增速北高南低;速效钾北增南减,整体在增加;土壤氮磷比值分布格局逆转,变化上南增北减,整体在下降。盲目施肥和肥料利用率低是兴平市农业生产的主要障碍因素。今后的生产实践中应密切关注土壤氮素的有效补充,磷肥的控制及渭河阶地区土壤钾素的消耗,平衡土壤养分, 以提升区域经济和生态效益。     

枣树盆栽试验（IV）─氮供应水平对叶片矿质元素含量的影响

枣树盆栽试验（ＩＶ）─氮供应水平对叶片矿质元素含量的影响申莲英，毛永民，王永蕙（河北农业大学中国枣研究中心，保定０７１００１）关键词枣；矿质元素；盆栽ＴｒｉａｌｓｗｉｔｈＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｕｊｕｂｅＴｒｅｅｓＰｌａｎｔｅｄｉｎＰｏｔｓＩＶ．Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ...     

Soil amendments and seed priming influence nutrients uptake,soil properties,yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkali soils

The effects of soil amendments [i.e., control, gypsum, farmyard manure (FYM), and gypsum?+?FYM] and seed priming (i.e., unprimed, seed soaked in water for 10?hr prior to sowing, and seed soaked in 0.4% gypsum solution for 10?hr prior to sowing) were assessed on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in alkali soil in northwestern Pakistan. A split plot design was used, keeping priming methods in main plots and soil amendments in sub-plots. The results showed that the effects of soil amendments and seed priming on grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and number of spikes were significant but their interactive effect was non-significant. The highest crop yields and yield index were obtained with gypsum?+?FYM amendments, and seed priming with gypsum solution. The effect on seed emergence, plant height and number of grains per spike was, however, not significant. Grain yield increased by 104% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment over control and by 16.8% with seed primed in water, followed by 8.5% with priming in gypsum solution, as compared to non-priming. The weight of 1000 grains was significantly increased by 35% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment and by 15.8% in gypsum priming. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content increased with soil amendments. Soil pH and gypsum requirement reduced significantly with soil amendments. The blend of gypsum and FYM has improved the properties of salt-affected soil and enhanced fertility for optimum production of wheat in addition to the beneficial effect of seed priming in gypsum solution on crop yield. Using these amendments could be ameliorative in removing the adverse effect of the salt-affected soils, rendering the soil a good medium for plant growth.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feed ingredients for juvenile snakehead,Ophiocephalus argus

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids in Peruvian fish meal, poultry by‐product meal, meat and bone meal, spray‐dried blood meal, hydrolysed feather meal, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal were determined for juvenile snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus) with initial mean body weight of 78.1 g. A reference diet and test diets that consisted of a 70 : 30 mixture of the reference diet to test ingredient were used with 5 g kg^?1 Cr₂O₃ as an external indicator. Fish meal, poultry by‐product meal and corn gluten meal had higher ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy among ingredients tested. Dry matter ADCs ranged 61.9–81.5% for animal ingredients and corn gluten meal and ranged 52.2–68.0% for soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. Energy ADCs of ingredients followed similar trends to differences in dry matter digestibility. Protein ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 73.6–92.8% and 75.3–85.6%, respectively. Amino acid ADCs generally reflected protein digestibility. Lipid ADCs were relatively high for the ingredients tested. Phosphorus ADCs of animal and plant ingredients ranged 39.5–65.2% and 38.7–57.1%, respectively.     

Short-Term Dinoflagellate Bloom in a Shrimp Pond in Bahía de La Paz,Gulf of California

From mid-August to mid-September 1998, a dinoflagellate bloom in a shrimp pond near La Paz, Baja California Sur, was studied. Daily samples were taken of phytoplankton, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, photosynthetic pigments and proteins. The bloom occurred at temperatures of 29.7 to 33.2?°C. High densities of a Scrippsiella-like dinoflagellate (15.9?×?10⁶ cells/L) occurred on the first day of sampling, reaching a peak of 249?×?10⁶ cells/L on Day 13, and declining to 4 to 7?×?10⁶ cells/L by Day 26. Chlorophyll a varied from 8.63 mg/m³ on Day 4 to 141.38 mg/m³ on Day 13. Total nitrogen varied widely (0.2–11.50 μM) while phosphates peaked only once on Day 13 (4.14 μM). Proteins ranged from 523 to 6387 μg/L; the latter value occurred two days after the maximal peak of nitrates and coinciding with the highest level of phosphates. Fertilizers added to the ponds increased nutrient concentration and stimulated phytoplankton growth. In turn, the food supply to cultured shrimp noticeably increased throughout the bloom.     

子午岭地区植被演替过程中土壤养分及酶活性特征研究

选择植被自然恢复不同年限的阳坡梁坡地作为研究对象,采用时空互代法研究子午岭地区植被恢复过程中土壤养分和酶活性的变化.结果表明,植被恢复140 a内,不同土层土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性增加,且表土层(0～20 cm)土壤养分含量和酶活性高于下层土壤(20～40 cm).以裸露地为对照,土壤0～20 cm土层,有机质含量、全氮含量、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性分别增加了23.8%～534.9%、9.3%～300.0%、213.6%～521.5%、40.4%～286.5%、22.7%～232.2%和3.2%～22.4%,土壤速效磷含量呈现波动变化, 过氧化氢酶活性变化幅度比其他三种酶低.土壤有机质含量与全氮、速效磷含量密切相关;土壤蔗糖酶与土壤有机质、全氮均为极显著的相关关系(0.930/0.918);土壤脲酶活性与全氮含量相关系数最高(0.804);土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与有机质、全氮含量都呈极显著相关(0.977/0.984);土壤过氧化氢酶活性与全氮含量极显著相关,相关系数达0.996.     

宁南山区苜蓿地土壤水分和养分变异规律研究

以宁南半干旱黄土丘陵区3年生、7年生、11年生、19年生,以及7年生上坡、中坡、下坡苜蓿地为研究对象,分析了苜蓿地0—5m土壤干层及土壤养分的消长规律。研究结果表明:(1)坡位与种植年限均对土壤水分产生影响,上坡苜蓿地0—5m土壤平均含水量为6.34%,显著小于中坡和下坡;不同旱作年限苜蓿地0—5m土壤含水量排序为:3年生>7年生>19年生>11年生;土壤干燥化指数SDI排序为:上坡>中坡>下坡;3年生>7年生>19年生>11年生,土壤干燥化程度随着土层深度的增加而减弱。待苜蓿老化后土壤水分可以得到恢复,土壤干燥化程度降低,但这一过程需要较长的时间。(2)在土壤旱化过程中,随着坡位的下降,苜蓿地0—100cm层土壤平均有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量增加;随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷下降。随着苜蓿旱作时间的延长,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、全磷、速效磷含量呈下降的趋势;待苜蓿老化严重时,土壤有机质、全氮开始逐渐积累,但仍然处于低水平状态。     

不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响

为了探究不同施肥处理对马铃薯农田土壤理化性状及产量的影响,试验地采用马铃薯连作模式,设置3个施肥处理,即:单施化肥(T)、有机肥配施化肥(YTF 1/2)、全量有机肥(YTF).结果 表明:在不同施肥处理下马铃薯农田土壤的理化性质和马铃薯产量发生了变化,其中变化最为明显的土壤指标有土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和导水率、有效磷....