Acidulated activation of phosphate rock enhances release,lateral transport and uptake of phosphorus and trace metals upon direct-soil application

Phosphate rock (PR) was activated via acidulation with HCl, EDTA, and oxalic acid to enhance its reactivity. The release, lateral transport, and uptake of phosphorus (P) along with trace metals from pristine and activated PRs were investigated in a soil micro-block system over a period of 27 days, using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of available soil P, Fe, Mn, and Zn were released from all the PRs after application to soil within first 9 days of seedling transplantation, while the release of other trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) was minimal (<1.2 mg kg^?1). On cumulative basis, APR-O (oxalic acid activated PR) was the most efficient amendment releasing 164% more available P, followed by APR-E (EDTA activated PR) releasing 130% more available P, compared to the pristine PR. Similar results were also observed in the release of available Fe, Mn, Zn, and other trace metals. The highest diffusive mass fluxes for available P, Mn, Fe, and Zn in soil were observed after 3 days of seedling transplantation, which reduced subsequently. The uptake of P, Fe, Mn, and Zn by wheat plants was increased by 394%, 715%, 92%, and 91%, respectively, in APR-O application compared to the pristine PR, while it was increased by 280%, 188%, 16%, and 27%, respectively, in APR-E application compared to the pristine PR. Subsequently, APR-O and APR-E amendments resulted in enhanced shoot lengths, root lengths, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter contents of wheat plants. Hence, it was concluded that activation of PR with oxalic acid and EDTA prior to direct soil application may enhance the reactivity of PR and could serve as a cost-effect fertilization strategy for higher wheat crop production.     

Nitrogen release dynamics of a slow release urea pellet and its effect on growth,yield, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Manure urea pellets were produced and their nitrogen release rate was evaluated in soil incubation at different water contents of 90, 75, and 60% soil filed capacity (FC). In another experiment, sweet basil growth was evaluated during eight months (with three shoot harvests) under the pellet application. The nitrogen release and pellet dispersion rates were slow after two months or at lower soil water content (60% FC), but they were significant after four months of soil incubation, or at higher soil water content (75 or particularly 90% FC). Application of pelleted urea reduced plant growth and yield at first harvest than urea treatment. However, at second and particularly at third harvest (and the average of three harvests) significant improvement in growth parameters of SPAD value, leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh weight, pot yield, and` leaf N and K concentrations were achieved by application of pelleted urea fertilization.     

旱地高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

【目的】明确旱地条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系,为品种选育和科学施肥提供依据。【方法】于2013—2016年连续三年在黄土高原旱地进行田间试验,试验采用裂区设计,主处理为不施肥(CK)和施肥(NP),副处理为来自我国主要麦区的123个品种。施肥处理为N 150 kg/hm^2 (尿素,含N46%)、P_2O_5 100 kg/hm^2 (过磷酸钙,含P_2O_5 16%)。成熟期在每个品种中间2行随机抽取30穗小麦,连根拔起后,从根茎结合处剪断弃去根系,分为茎、叶、颖壳(含穗轴)和籽粒,称风干重。分析了样品中氮、磷、钾、锌含量,计算了养分的吸收量及转移量。【结果】施肥条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量存在显著差异,高锌品种比低锌品种显著高54%。高锌品种的籽粒氮、磷含量分别比低锌品种显著高9%、7%,钾含量无显著差异,施肥使两组品种的氮含量显著提高,磷钾含量降低。高产高锌品种具有更高的籽粒和地上部氮、磷吸收能力,钾吸收能力与低锌品种相比无显著差异,施肥可使高锌品种的氮磷钾吸收量增幅高于低锌品种;两组品种间的氮、磷转移能力无显著差异,而高锌品种的钾转移能力较低,且两组品种的氮磷钾转移能力因施肥降低幅度一致。【结论】旱地条件下土壤养分供应充足时,高产高锌小麦品种的氮磷吸收能力强,钾转移能力弱,籽粒氮磷含量高,与低锌品种相比钾含量无显著差异。通过品种选育可同时提高旱地高产小麦籽粒锌和蛋白质含量,并提高磷含量。考虑到磷含量高时会降低籽粒锌的生物有效性,生产中通过施肥措施,适当调控磷肥,增加氮肥,在提高小麦籽粒氮锌含量的同时提高籽粒锌的生物有效性。     

Effects of nitrogen feeding for extraradical mycelium of Rhizophagus irregularis maize symbiosis incorporated with phosphorus availability

In terrestrial ecosystems, plants are frequently in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with mineral nutrients and photosynthesis carbon exchanges in between. This research sought to identify the effects of phosphorus (P) levels on the nitrogen (N) uptake via extraradical mycelium (ERM) and the mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) of maize plants within the AMF symbiosis. Pots were separated into root compartments and hyphae compartments (HCs) with two layers of a 30‐μm mesh membrane and an air gap in between, where only hyphae could pass through, to avoid both N diffusion and root growth effects. Maize plants were inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis with different N fertilization in HCs under two different P fertilization levels. Our results indicated that a strong increase in MGR with low‐P fertilization. The same tendency was not observed with high‐P fertilization, although both had a large increase in P concentration as a potential source of growth in shoot tissue of mycorrhizal plants. Substantial effects (10.5% more N) were observed in the case of high‐P availability for the host plants from ERM fed with N, whereas under low‐P conditions ERM may prioritize P uptake rather than N uptake. The AM fungi increase the uptake of N and P, which are most limiting in the soil with fewer forces from soil resources. In addition, there was still more P accumulated than N due to the high N for ERM with high‐P supply. Low N in HCs corresponded with a lower colonization rate in roots but with high hyphae density in HCs; this result suggest that N and P availability might change the ratio of extraradical to intraradical hyphae length.     

氮磷钾减量配施硅肥对玉米养分吸收、利用及产量的影响

为研究氮、磷和钾减量条件下,增施硅肥对玉米氮、磷和钾养分吸收、利用及产量的影响,采用2因素裂区设计,主区为3种氮、磷和钾肥用量组合(F_(100)—常规用量,F_(80)—等比例减少20%和F(60)—等比例减少40%),副区为2种硅肥用量(SiO_2施用量分别为37.5和75 kg/hm~2,记为S_3和S_7。),测定玉米植株拔节期和成熟期的干物质积累量,氮、磷和钾的积累量,产量及产量构成。结果表明:与常规用量F100相比,F80和F60植株拔节期和成熟期的干物质、氮、磷和钾积累量显著降低,植株成熟期干物质、氮、钾、硅素在籽粒中的分配比例显著下降,穗粒数、行粒数和穗长均显著下降,秃尖长度增加20.96%~25.33%,减产10.77%~17.77%。F_(100)和F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著提高植株拔节期、成熟期干物质积累,增加拔节期和成熟期植株氮、磷、钾和硅素积累量,提高磷素干物质生产效率、磷素籽粒生产效率及磷肥偏生产力以及籽粒产量。在处理F_(100)中,与S_3相比,S_7能提高成熟期籽粒中氮和钾的分配比例,显著降低成熟期茎秆中氮和钾的分配比例;在处理F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能提高成熟期茎秆中磷和硅素的分配比例,降低成熟期籽粒中磷素的分配比例;在处理F_(60)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著降低成熟期茎秆和籽粒中硅的分配比例。F_(100)和F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著提高氮、磷和钾肥偏生产力。综上所述,氮、磷和钾肥减量会降低玉米植株关键生育阶段干物质积累量,以及氮、磷和钾素营养积累量,最终降低籽粒产量;氮、磷和钾常规用量或减施比例≤20%条件下,增施75 kg/hm~2硅肥能促进植株对氮、磷和钾素的吸收,增加干物质生产能力,优化成熟期干物质分配比例,增加籽粒产量,同步提高氮、磷和钾肥利用率。     

辽西地区覆膜条件对不同土层土壤氮磷钾累积量的影响

为了探明覆膜技术对辽西半干旱区土壤氮磷钾累积量及其剖面分布状况的影响,本试验以农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站为研究平台,设置裸地种植、春季覆膜、秋季覆膜3种处理,通过对土壤剖面各层次全量氮、磷、钾的测定,定量分析辽西半干旱区覆膜条件下土壤全量养分含量及剖面分布差异,结果表明:不同覆膜处理对土壤全量氮、磷、钾累积量影响各不相同。2种覆膜处理可有效提高0～40 cm土层土壤全氮和全磷累积量,与裸地相比,春覆膜与秋覆膜处理可使土壤全氮提高34.4%和21.0%,秋覆膜处理可使全磷累积量提高17.0%。40～60 cm土层,裸地处理全氮、全磷累积量显著高于覆膜处理,其中全氮累积量较春覆膜处理提高65.7%,且为秋覆膜处理的2.16倍;全磷累积则表现为裸地种植比春覆膜和秋覆膜处理分别提高44.2%和39.4%。不同处理间全钾含量差异显著,总体表现为秋覆膜春覆膜裸地。3种处理土壤养分的剖面分布规律也各不相同,覆膜处理土壤全氮和全磷随剖面深度的增加呈逐渐减少的规律,而不覆膜处理则呈现先减少再增加的趋势;不同处理土壤全钾的剖面分布规律相似,即随剖面加深全钾含量均无显著变化,即使是表层土壤也未显示出全钾聚集的特征。     

长期施用有机肥对水稻产量和氮磷养分利用效率的影响

以长三角地区典型土壤类型青紫泥为背景土壤,研究连续7年有机肥不同施用量和化肥减量条件下水稻产量、氮磷吸收累积特性和氮磷利用效率,并对影响水稻氮磷吸收利用效率的原因进行分析。结果表明,与纯化肥处理相比,施用有机肥处理在不同程度上增加了水稻产量,其中以处理C4(30 t·hm~(-2)有机肥+1/2常量化肥)增加比例最大,为5.67%。当有机肥单施用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量比纯化肥处理增加5.56%,地上部氮磷累积均高于其它各处理,其中,氮累积尤为明显,增加比例为16.5%~25.4%。有机肥不同用量配合化肥减量施用时水稻地上部氮磷转运量、生理利用效率与纯化肥处理间无明显差异。然而,当单施有机肥用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,氮转运量明显增加,生理利用效率明显降低,磷生理利用效率亦有所降低,但不如氮明显。水稻氮磷生理利用效率降低的主要原因是长期大量施用有机肥使土壤养分含量增加特别明显,可能超过利于水稻利用的浓度范围。另外,土壤矿质元素铵态氮在水稻生长过程中含量过高也与之紧密相关。     

冬油菜与杂草对长期不同施肥的差异性适应

研究长期水旱轮作条件下,施肥模式对田间冬油菜、杂草、土壤养分及冬油菜–杂草空间分布的影响,为长江流域冬油菜轻简化生产提供依据。2011年在湖北省粮油主产区——江汉平原布置水稻–冬油菜轮作肥效定位试验。2016年冬油菜收获期,调查农田杂草群落多样性和分析油菜–杂草–土壤养分三者状况。结果表明,长期土壤养分亏缺会显著影响油菜–杂草的生长和空间分布、形成不同的杂草优势群落。平衡施肥(NPK处理)有助于增加冬油菜根茎粗、有效分枝数、角果数和最终产量,降低杂草总生物量,提高杂草群落多样性Shannon-Wiener指数。与NPK处理相比,–N、–P和–K均会不同程度地降低籽粒、茎秆、角壳和杂草的养分吸收量,尤以–P处理降幅最为明显。与土壤养分含量的初始值相比,长期不施用化肥会引起土壤氮磷钾有效含量下降,尤其对于土壤钾,现有平衡施肥措施不足以弥补农田钾素亏缺,应重视秸秆还田的补钾效果。总之,长期科学的农田养分管理与调控措施,不仅可以降低杂草对冬油菜的危害、增强生物多样性和形成良性的油菜-杂草竞争环境,也有利于减少化学药剂使用、推动冬油菜的轻简化生产。     

Specific Responses of Soil Microbial Residue Carbon to Long-Term Mineral Fertilizer Applications to Reddish Paddy Soils

Mineral nutrient inputs to soil may alter microbial activity and consequently influence the accumulation of microbial residues. In this study, we investigated the effects of application rates and ratios of mineral fertilizers on the microbial residue carbon(MRC) of reddish paddy soils after long-term(15-year) fertilizer applications in southern China. Contents of three soil amino sugars as microbial residue contents were determined and MRC were calculated based on amino sugars. Results showed that three individual amino sugar contents increased as fertilizer application rates increased until maximum values were reached at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). The three amino sugar contents then declined significantly under the highest mineral fertilizer application rate of 675-88-280 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). In addition, to enhance the microbial residue contents, it was more beneficial to double P(N:P:K= 1:0.26:0.41) in fertilizers applied to the P-deficient reddish paddy soils than to double either N(N:P:K = 2:0.13:0.41) or K(N:P:K= 1:0.13:0.82). The contents of the three individual amino sugars and microbial residues under different fertilizer application rates and ratios were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon(SOC), total N, total P, and p H. Increases in values of the fungal C to bacterial C ratios showed that soil organic matter(SOM) stability increased because of the fertilizer applications over the past 15 years. The contents and ratios of amino sugars can be used as indicators to evaluate the impact of mineral fertilizer applications on SOM dynamics in subtropical paddy soils. The results indicated that fertilizer applications at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K) may improve crop yields, SOC contents, and SOC stability in subtropical paddy soils.     

转双价棉丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与植株养分含量变化的研究

通过灭菌盆栽接种试验,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus caledonium对转双价(Bt+CpTI)棉和常规棉石远321的侵染率和植株养分含量的影响。结果表明,在观测期间,转双价棉与同源常规棉之间根系丛枝菌根真菌侵染率在同一时期均无显著差异,但植株氮、磷养分含量在一些时期明显不同,其变化随棉花品种、生育期不同而不同。转双价棉苗期根系全氮和蕾期、吐絮期地上部全磷以及苗期、蕾期和花铃期根系全磷含量显著高于常规棉(P<0.05),而蕾期地上部全氮和吐絮期根系全氮显著低于常规棉(P<0.05)。聚类分析表明,丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和植株养分含量变化主要受生长时期的影响,转双价棉种植对其影响是非常有限的。