Effect of Nutrient Type on Chemical Composition and Dry Matter Partitioning of Cassava （Manihot esculenta Crantz）

The objective of our study was to determine the effects of four types of fertilisers enrichments （manure potassic （K）, phosphatic （P）, phosphatic and potassic （PK） and nitrogenized, phosphated and potassic （NPK）） on chemical composition and dry matter in cassava （Manihot esculenta） organs （clone 1171） during harvest period. The pots experiment was laid out in randomised complete bloc design with five treatments and four replications. Water, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, total proteins and total lipids contents of the leaves, shoots and tubers were determined. After 9 months growing period, results showed that fertilizer types enriched with K, PK and NPK significantly increased the organic compounds contents of the leaves （P〈0.05）. Furthermore, fertilizers with high phosphorus content significantly increased the lipid contents of the leaves （25%）. Fertilizers enriched with NPK positively influenced the biomass partitioning in Manihot esculenta. Application of fertilizers enriched with NPK led to higher levels of total proteins in the leaves and tubers （70 mg g DM^-1 and 30 mg g DM^-1 respectively） compared to control （17 mg g DM^-1 and 9 mg g DM^-1 respectively）. These results help to demonstrate the value of these fertilizers enrichment to improve the chemical composition and dry matter partitioning of cassava.     

Advances in Enhancing Nutrient Utilization for Ruminants by Nutritional Manipulation to Reduce Environmental Contamination

A review of present understanding of the dietary nutrient utilization in ruminant animals is presented.For increasing the utilization of dietary nutrients and reducing environmental contamination,highlighting the development and use of nutritional manipulation technique is suggested.     

Quantitative Dietary Taurine Requirement for California Yellowtail,Seriola lalandi

Although taurine has been identified as a required nutrient in several Seriola species, there are no available quantitative data on dietary taurine requirements for these commercially important species and recommendations are highly variable. Therefore, juvenile Seriola lalandi were fed one of eight practical diets supplemented with graded levels of taurine (0.11–1.08% of the dry diet, analyzed) to estimate their taurine requirement. Response in growth rate, feed efficiency, and nutrient deposition were evaluated using a broken‐quadratic model and 4‐ and 5‐parameter saturation kinetic models (4‐SKM and 5‐SKM) Blood serum composition was analyzed using linear models. Requirement estimates based on growth rates (thermal‐unit growth coefficient) and protein deposition were similar at 0.26% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23–0.28) and 0.29% (95% CI: 0.25–0.34) dietary taurine, respectively. Feed and protein deposition efficiencies were optimized at 0.26–1.02% and 0.26–1.00% dietary taurine, respectively. Taurine deposition in the animal was maximized at higher dietary levels (0.64%). Levels of serum taurine increased in response to dietary levels and peaked at around 0.80% dietary taurine. Concomitantly, serum urea and total amino acid levels decreased with increasing dietary taurine levels, suggesting a reduced amino acid catabolism relative to the aforementioned improvement in protein deposition efficiency.     

Dietary menadione nicotinamide bisulphite (vitamin K3) does not affect growth or bone health in first-feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The aim of the present study was to elucidate if increasing levels of added vitamin K in the feed influenced fish growth, health or the incidences of bone deformities in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) from onset of start feeding to ∼100 g in freshwater. Duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon fry (∼0.20 g) were fed eight levels (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 mg menadione kg⁻¹) of the vitamin K derivate menadione nicotinamide bisulphite (MNB) in a regression design for 28 weeks. All fish maintained high growth rates throughout the experiment, and showed no significant differences in specific growth rate, condition factor, whole body proximate analysis, blood coagulation time, vertebra morphology or mechanical properties of vertebrae. We found a dose-response between whole body vitamin K concentration and the dietary MNB supplementation level. Analysis of liver γ-glutamylcarboxylase activity revealed significant dose-dependent differences between groups given the 0, 10 and 50 mg MNB kg⁻¹ diets. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon seems to require low levels of dietary vitamin K, and the amount of vitamin K found naturally in the presently used feed ingredients may be enough to maintain optimal growth, health and bone strength in Atlantic salmon fry from start feeding.     

酸性菜园土养分状况的温网室研究

通过盆栽试验及化学分析,对酸性菜园土的养分状况进行了研究。结果表明,几种酸性菜园土对P,Mn,Cu,Zn吸附曲线呈直线关系,对K的吸附量较大,酸性较强的两种土壤对S的吸附程度在低浓度范围内较大,高浓度范围内较小;对Mn的吸附与S相反。pH较高的两种土壤对S,Mn的吸附有着相关的情况。N是几种土壤的首要养分限制因子,K则可能成为其潜在的养分限制因子,Mn可能成为酸性较小的两种土壤的养分限制因子。几种土壤分别对P,Cu,Fe,B,Mo有不同程度的缺乏。     

Study on Site-specific Nutrient Management in Cotton Field

The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice.     

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤中营养元素的淋失

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with soil columns repacked in laboratory. The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^-. The treatments were CK (as a control), CaCO₃, CaSO₄, MgCO₃, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, urea, KCl, and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers). The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days. Leaching processes of NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- were only measured in CK, urea, and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching. Results showed that sole application of CaSO₄, and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ scarcely had any effect on the leaching losses of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺; the application of MgCO₃ stimulated the leaching of Mg²⁺; the application of CaCO₃ promoted the leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K⁺ and NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular; under KCl treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ was promoted to a large extent; under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- was all increased and NO₃^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

缺素对压砂西瓜产量、品质及叶绿素含量的影响

以压砂西瓜为材料,通过田间小区试验,研究营养液施用对西瓜产量、品质及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明院氮、磷、钾全量营养液增产率达34.2%,西瓜糖度提高1.84个百分点,同时增强抗病性;缺钾营养液虽然也有16.7%的增产率,但糖度降低0.40个百分点。利用便携式SPAD-502叶绿素仪进行压砂西瓜营养诊断,简单易行,伸蔓期SPAD值应控制在54～56,如果此期SPAD值低于该范围,则在坐果期适当加大营养液的施用量,SPAD值高于该范围,则适当减少营养液的施用量;坐果期SPAD值应控制在57～59,此期的营养诊断方法参照伸蔓期;果实生长盛期SPAD值应控制在58～60。     

府谷县耕地糜子种植适宜性研究

为了更合理地开发和利用当地有限的耕地资源,维护和提高耕地生产力,采用府谷县2011年"测土配方施肥"项目数据,基于GIS技术平台,综合利用地统计学、特尔斐法、综合评价法等方法,结合"3414"田间肥效试验结果,建立府谷县糜子种植适宜性评价体系。结果表明:对糜子种植而言,府谷县土壤有机质含量偏低(<10g·kg-1),碱解氮含量中等(25~40 mg·kg-1),有效磷含量偏低(5~10 mg·kg-1),速效钾含量中等(70~100mg·kg-1)。研究区耕地糜子种植适宜性水平分异大,高度适宜的耕地面积占总耕地面积的11.20%,适宜占28.99%,二者多沿河流阶地分布;勉强适宜占54.62%,遍布黄土丘陵区;不适宜占5.19%,呈点缀状分布于中部黄土丘陵区。增施碱解氮和有效磷,提高土壤有机质含量,保持土壤速效钾含量,同时注意改善土壤结构,提高土壤抗旱保肥和供肥能力,进一步提高糜子种植适宜性水平。     

乌梁素海表层沉积物营养盐的分布特征及环境意义

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,对乌梁素海表层沉积物营养元素（TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N、TP和TOC）的分布特征进行了分析,系统研究了沉积物碳-氮-磷两两之间的相互耦合关系及其环境意义,并对乌梁素海沉积物的有机污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物TOC/TN比平均值为12.70,反映出有机质来源可能是湖泊水生生物和陆源输入,其中外源输入略占主导;TOC/TP比值高于TOC/TN,沉积物中的有机质主导着TOC/TP比值的变化趋势;TN/TP比值的分布表现出与TOC/TP比值相似的变化特征。有机污染评价结果显示,全湖的有机指数均值为0.42,处于尚清洁状态,w（ON）的均值为0.17%,属于有机氮污染状态。