鄂西北生态环境特征及其防治对策浅析

本文系统、翔实地阐述了鄂西北地区生态环境特征 ,着重对地貌、气候、土壤、森林植被等生态因子进行了分析与评价。在此基础上 ,提出了该地区环境治理与经济协调发展的对策和建议     

湘西北山区“长防林”生态效益研究初报

湘西北山区长江防护林生态效益监测站，分别就“长防林”对小流域小气候、坡面产流量、产沙量、输沙率、林地最大涵水能力及保土效果进行了定位观测，资料分析表明，长防林生态效益十分显著。     

Early height development and species stratification across five climax series in the eastern Washington Cascade range

Reconstruction in twenty single-cohort stands across five climax series on the eastern slope of the Washington Cascade Range found a variety of species combinations and development patterns. Western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud) were found to be very competitive species that usually occupied a dominant position in stands in the Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, and Tsuga mertensiana climax series. Interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Mirb.) Franco) was found in all five climax series and, although its height growth was less than that of western larch or the lodgepole pine, it was usually found in the upper stratum. These results suggest that site classification based on climax potential should be used cautiously when applied to young stand management decisions regarding seral species. For example, the difference between an Abies grandis, and a Tsuga mertensiana climax series is quite large in terms of potential productivity but in either case western larch, if present, will likely dominate these stands.     

西北地区提升农产品供给质量制约因素研究

本研究基于西北地区农产品供给质量评价指标体系,采用指标达标率、偏离度、制约度等变量对西北地区农产品供给质量提升的制约因子进行诊断。数据表明,西北五省区23个基础指标均存在不达标情况,宁夏、青海农产品供给质量有接近一半的指标达标率低于50%。深入研究制约因子发现,主体指标按制约度从高到低排序依次为营销、加工、种植和流通,基础指标制约因子主要分为3类,制约度由高到低依次为收入、供给主体和创新能力。据此,本研究针对性提出对策建议,以期为探索西北地区农产品供给质量提升路径提供借鉴。     

西北太平洋柔鱼渔情速报系统的开发

The neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami, is one of the most important jig fisheries in the northwest Pacific Ocean. In order to understand the movement of O. bartrami fishing-ground better and supply O. bartrami fishing-ground information for Chinese fishing boats in the northwest Pacific ocean, the fishing condition analysis and forecasting system of O. bartrami was developed successfully. The system was based on established comprehensive database, which included the catch data of O. bartrami (total yields, count of total fishing boats, fishing position etc. ) and oceanic environmental information (SST, SST gradient etc. ). Artificial intelligent technology about case-based reasoning was also combined with GIS component technology successfully in the system. The process and function of system establishment are composed of four parts: setting up of case database for central fishing-ground and its environmental factors, knowledge reasoning of fishery information, GIS visualization analyzing as well as trend forecasting of central fishing-ground and information production mapping. At last as an example of the results, an experimental central fishing-ground forecasting of O. bartrami from 9 to 15 in July 2002 in the northwest Pacific Ocean was given in the paper. The results showed that through three class similar searching forecasting central fishing-ground would move west, and indicating that forecasting of the system for O. bartrami central fishing-ground was correct by comparing to real fishing-ground from 16 to 22 in July 2002. Consequently, artificial intelligent expert system technology about case-based reasoning is a useful method for fishing condition and fishing-ground forecasting.     

基于海洋遥感的西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔场形成机制的初步分析

2003年9-11月中国鱿钓船对西北印度洋海域鸢乌贼渔场进行生产性探捕调查，发现在16°N、61°E附近海域存在中心渔场，平均日产达5 t以上，但渔场10 d后迅速消失。本文结合本次调查生产数据和卫星遥感资料对这一渔场进行了分析。渔场形成内在动力在于上升流的存在，它使深海缺氧、营养丰富的海水上涌到表层，上升流影响区域SST低，表层藻类 的繁盛，海表面叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度值高。溶解氧缺乏，驱使鸢乌贼朝溶解氧比较丰富的区域即向SST高值和Chl-a低值的区域聚集，但鸢乌贼也有朝食物丰富区域即Chl-a高和SST低值区域觅食习性。鱼群易集中在SST梯度较大且Chl-a梯度较大的狭长区域。同时，当该海域附近上升流发生后，低压扰动有利于较大的SST梯度及Chl－a梯度的出现和维持，渔场海洋环境复杂，鱼群迅速聚集，形成中心渔场；而当低压扰动消失，风速增大，风向单一，渔场海洋环境单一均匀，鱼群会很快分散，中心渔场消失。     

Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment

Air temperatures in and outside of 60 parks in Taipei city were surveyed to study the effect of different urban parks on their surrounding thermal gradients. Results suggest that the factors governing the temperature of park surroundings are not identical to those of park interiors. Air-temperature gradients surrounding urban parks are influenced by both the horizontal transport of cool or warm air mass above parks and the evapotranspirative air-parcels from trees, creating a cool island larger than the boundaries of cool-island parks, a heat-island larger than the boundaries of strong heat-island parks, and a cool-ring outside weak heat-island parks. Such horizontal air movement is not easily detected using remotely sensed data. During daytime, the thermal environment within a park is dominated by the amount of solar input absorbed by unshaded paved area, which, when strong, can overflow to increase the temperatures of park surroundings; at night, despite park trees causing a warming effect inside parks, park surroundings are cooled by horizontal flow of evapotranspirative air-parcels from park trees. In business and other districts used mostly during daytime, it is recommended that parks and other open spaces be designed with less than 50% paved area and at least 30% trees, shrubs, and other shadings. In residential districts that are used mostly during nighttime, parks and other open spaces are recommended to be designed with more trees. Night irrigation, a measure commonly recommended for the conservation of water, is also recommended to further enhance this nighttime cooling.     

崩岗土体物理化学性质及其内部分异——以广东省德庆县3个典型崩岗为例

[目的]研究崩岗土体物理性质的内部分异和崩岗土体化学物质组成,为更好地理解崩岗的侵蚀过程提供理论参考。[方法]以广东省德庆县3个典型崩岗为例,采用筛分法、烘干法、激光粒度分析、液塑限分析、X射线衍射分析和X射线荧光光谱分析,对崩岗不同地貌部位的土体物理性质、矿物组成和化学元素进行测定。[结果](1)崩壁土体容重略大于崩积体、沟道和洪积扇的土体容重;崩壁和崩积体的含水率和界限含水率大于沟道和洪积扇的土体含水率和界限含水率。(2)崩岗土体中值粒径表现为：崩壁<崩积体<沟道<洪积扇;崩壁和崩积体土体颗粒级配曲线呈双峰型,沟道和洪积扇土体颗粒级配曲线呈单峰型。(3)崩岗土体的矿物成分以黏土矿物高岭石为主,石英和白云母次之;化合物以SiO₂含量最多,其次为Al₂O₃;化学元素以Ti含量最高,S含量次之。[结论]崩岗不同地貌部位的土体物理性质具有一定的分异现象,水力—重力复合侵蚀作用机制是这一内部分异形成的原因。强化学风化作用下,崩岗土体黏土矿物以高岭石为主,化学物质在崩岗内部没有出现明显的元素迁移和富集现象。     

西北高寒民族地区农牧村城镇化发展研究——以甘南藏族自治州为例

甘南州是青藏高原"中华水塔"的重要涵养地。其农牧村城镇化条件、城镇化功能、城镇化动力都具有区域特殊性。实施中心城镇优先发展战略,对化解甘南州城镇化弱质与建设资金短缺的区情,协调甘南州生态环境保育与区域发展,降低进城农牧民的转移成本和分享现代文明生活等方面具有重要的作用;中心城镇的发展,为甘南州招商引资,吸纳、存留人才创造良好条件。最后从确定合理的城镇规模、增强中心城镇基础设施和服务设施的供给能力、壮大城镇产业、注重城镇特色化建设、加强中心城镇生态环境保护等5个方面,提出了中心城镇发展的路径。     

扬州市大江风光带建设规划与实践

以扬州市大江风光带建设规划与实践为主要案例,对沿江区域城市生态建设规划、理念以及投入机制等方面做了初步探讨。该区生态建设结合城市总体发展思路,突出生态功能,配置科学合理,为当地社会经济高效快速发展提供良好的生态支撑。