Effects of seasonality and migratory prey on body condition of Cichla species in a tropical floodplain river

Abstract –  In this study we examine trends in body condition of three Cichla species native to the Cinaruco River, Venezuela. Specifically, we characterise the potential subsidy provided by migratory Semaprochilodus kneri to Cichla by comparing condition among species, hydrologic seasons and different size-classes (based on the ability to consume S. kneri assuming gape-limitation). All three species had lowest body condition during the rising-water season (following the reproduction period). Only Cichla temensis had greater body condition during the falling-water season than low-water season. During the falling-water season, C. temensis >300 mm SL had significantly greater condition than smaller conspecifics. Annual migration of S. kneri into the river during the falling-water season provides a resource subsidy to large C. temensis . Transfer of whitewater production into nutrient-poor rivers by migratory fishes appears to be a general phenomenon in the major Neotropical river basins and may partially account for high standing stocks of large piscivores in these unproductive ecosystems.     

农牧交错带油葵光合作用日变化及午休现象的研究

为了解农牧交错带油葵旺盛生长季光合作用日变化特征和光合"午休"原因,使用光合作用测量系统(LI-6400XT)于内蒙古武川试验站(2013年7月24日—7月28日)测定了晴天条件下油葵光合特性。结果表明:油葵光合速率日变化呈现典型的双峰曲线,具有明显的"午休"现象,且上午的峰值显著高于下午的峰值,观测期间平均高出11%。对油葵光合速率有显著影响的气象因子是光强和温度。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化规律相似,也呈现双峰曲线,并且两者的峰值要早于光合速率的峰值。对气孔导度有显著影响的气象因子是光强和饱和水汽压差,对蒸腾速率有显著影响的气象因子是光强、饱和水汽压差和温度。油葵叶片的水分利用效率最高值出现在11:00,最高值为2.71g/kg。观测期间,在油葵光合速率下降的阶段均表现为胞间CO2浓度增加,气孔限制值下降。因此,造成该地区油葵光合"午休"的主要因素是非气孔因素。     

微藻营养盐限制的检测方法

对检测微藻营养盐限制的几种主要方法进行综述和比较，结果认为：1）细胞内各营养盐的比值法虽然比较简便，但所得值不稳定，容易受光照、CO2浓度、营养盐状况等因子影响；2）营养盐强化法是检测微藻营养盐限制最常用的一种方法，但易受微藻种类组成的影响，而且添加一种营养盐后可能导致其他营养盐的缺乏；3）营养盐吸收动力学法可应用于N、P限制的快速检测，但微藻对营养盐的吸收速率因微藻的种类、营养盐的初始浓度和营养盐状况的不同而异；4）生化法曾被广泛地用于N、P、Fe等营养盐限制的研究，但测量过程较复杂，需要时间较长，且不同种间存在差异；5）傅立叶变换红外光谱法可通过限制性营养盐添加前后微藻细胞红外光谱的变化来检测营养盐状况，能快速准确地反映检测结果，但仪器占地面积较大，且价格昂贵；6）叶绿素荧光技术具有快速、灵敏、对细胞无损伤、需要样品量少的优点，是检测微藻营养盐限制最有发展前景的方法。     

黄瓜结果期灌水上限的研究

为探索温室秋延后黄瓜结果期适宜灌水上限,以‘津春3号’黄瓜为试材,研究了水分上限为80%、85%、90%、95%、100%田间持水量下黄瓜生长发育、光合作用、水分利用率及产量的变化。结果表明：水分上限为90%时,植株生长旺盛,根系活力强,光合作用及水分利用率最高,总产量显著高于其它处理,比水分上限为100%处理增产18.4%,节水效果较好,90%为最适的灌水上限。     

Physiological responses of Eucalyptus nitens × nitens under experimentally imposed water stress

This study reports on how a cold- and frost-tolerant clone of Eucalyptus nitens × nitens responds to drought stress. The aim was to identify physiological traits that contribute to drought acclimation. Macropropagated saplings were grown in a climate-controlled greenhouse in pots filled with coarse river sand supplied with a slow-release fertiliser. One group of plants was kept regularly watered (control), and another group was subjected to four cycles of water stress (drought) whereby water was withheld for periods lasting 6, 10, 10 and 14 d, with 4 d of regular watering (recovery) inbetween. A drought cycle was terminated once saplings showed signs of wilting. Daily responses in stomatal conductance (g _s) were similar between control and drought treatments, except on the day of termination of the cycle, when g _s was significantly depressed in droughted plants. During the fourth and most severe drought cycle, there was a physiological adaptation to water stress because g _s was similar between control and droughted plants. Stomatal conductance was significantly positively correlated with volumetric soil moisture content in the drought treatment, but not in the control treatment. Electron transport capacity (J _max) increased during each drought cycle, and the increase was significant during the fourth cycle. Other parameters derived from A/c _i response curves were similar between the treatments. Under experimentally imposed water stress, E. nitens × nitens reduced leaf area, increased assimilate rate per unit leaf area, and maintained high stomatal conductance until leaves wilted. After 46 d droughted plants had accumulated half the biomass of control plants. Therefore, a cold- and frost-tolerant clone of E. nitens × nitens may be tolerant to drought stress but at a reduced growth rate because of reduced leaf area.     

Multiple-nutrient limitation of upland rainfed rice in ferralsols: a greenhouse nutrient-omission trial

Abstract

To optimize the nutrient management of upland rice production on tropical ferralsols, a greenhouse experiment was established using the multi-nutrient omission approach. A reciprocal soil origin-rice cultivar transplant experiment was also conducted to better understand the relative contributions of the soil origin and the rice cultivar in rice nutrient limitation. We tested the deficiency of seven major and secondary nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and silicon (Si)] and a solution of six micronutrients (B, Mn, Cu, Co, Na, Mo) likely to limit the growth of two upland rice cultivars, Chhomrong Dan and Nerica 4, on two Ferralsols from the highlands of Madagascar. We found severe multiple nutrient deficiencies. For both cultivars, P, Ca, N, Mg omission significantly depressed the shoot and root dry biomass and their amounts in plant tissues. However, the main limiting nutrients were not the same in both soils. We conclude that the multinutrient deficiencies observed for rice growth in the Ferralsols are site-specific, even though P limitation appears to be in common, and requires a holistic consideration of the mineral fertility, including micronutrients.     

盐度和氮素对向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)光合速率和生长状况的影响

Understanding the interactions between salinity and fertilizers is of significant importance for enhancing crop yield and fertilizeruse efficiency. In this study a complete block design experiment was performed in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia,China, to evaluate the effects of interactions between soil salinity and nitrogen(N) application rate on sunflower photosynthesis and growth and to determine the optimum N application rate for sunflower growth in the district. Four levels of soil salinity expressed as electrical conductivity(0.33–0.60, 0.60–1.22, 1.2–2.44, and 2.44–3.95 dS m-1) and three application rates of N fertilization(90, 135,and 180 kg ha-1) were applied to 36 micro-plots. Soil salinity inhibited the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, plant height, leaf area, and aboveground dry matter of sunflowers. The intercellular CO2 concentration first decreased and then increased with increasing soil salinity in the seedling stage, and the instantaneous leaf water-use efficiency fluctuated with soil salinity. The stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of sunflowers alternated in the seedling stage; however, in the bud, blooming,and mature stages, the stomatal limitation was prevalent when the salinity level was lower than 2.44 dS m-1, whereas the nonstomatal limitation was predominant above the salinity level. The application of N fertilizer alleviated the adverse effects of salinity on sunflower photosynthesis and growth to some extent. During some key growth periods, such as the seedling and bud stages, a moderate N application rate(135 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum photosynthetic rate and yielded the maximum dry matter. We suggest a moderate N application rate(135 kg ha-1) for the Hetao Irrigation District and other sunflower-growing areas with similar ecological conditions.     

女性主义与翻译

本文从女性主义与翻译的相互关系入手,分析两者间的相互影响,论述女性主义与翻译结合的原因。女性主义对传统的翻译理论的颠覆有其积极意义,但也有其局限性。     

The effects of epibenthic communities on reef fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract  Reef fishes were compared between artificial reefs with ( n  =   20) and without ( n  =   20) epibenthic communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Artificial reefs were built in June 2003; half were coated with copper-based paint to prevent epibenthic community development. Reefs were surveyed by SCUBA divers to estimate fish abundance in the autumn and winter 2003 and spring 2004. Total fish abundance and abundance of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey), and gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, were significantly ( P  ≤   0.05) higher on reefs with epibenthic communities. In the spring 2004, the abundance of belted sandfish, Serranus subligarius (Cope), the size of red snapper and community measures of diversity and evenness were significantly ( P  ≤   0.05) greater on unpainted reefs. These significant differences provide evidence that reef fishes were positively affected by the presence of epibenthic organisms that probably provided increased food resources.     

室内养殖条件下中华绒螯蟹雄性个体的生殖潜力

为评判中华绒螯蟹育苗工作亲本投放性比(♀∶♂=2~3∶1)的合理性,通过室内连续交配实验,对雄性个体的生殖潜力进行了研究。结果显示,雄蟹具备完成3次连续交配活动的生殖潜力;个体丧失交配能力前,贡献了超过60%的精子(≥6×109个)等雄性产物;多次交配活动并没有对雌蟹的个体繁殖力产生影响;雌蟹抱卵后,纳精囊亦没有出现明显的偏差;实验条件和基地育苗池个体纳精囊内均还存有一定数量的精子,表明雄蟹提供的雄性产物可以满足雌蟹受精的需要,因此,该性比在实际育苗生产中具有一定合理性,而作为亲本雄蟹的大规格及自身的生殖策略则可能是中华绒螯蟹避免精子限制发生的重要原因,其潜在的精卵比达(1.59~10.86)×10~3∶1。此外,研究成果揭示这个被广泛采用的亲本性比存在进一步优化的可能,可以提升至4∶1。