The Effect of Nitrogen on Disease Development and Gene Expression in Bacterial and Fungal Plant Pathogens

Successful colonisation of plants by pathogens requires efficient utilisation of nutrient resources available in host tissues. Several bacterial and fungal genes are specifically induced during pathogenesis and under nitrogen-limiting conditions in vitro. This suggests that a nitrogen-limiting environment may be one of the cues for disease symptom development during growth of the pathogens in planta. Here we review recent literature on the effect of nitrogen and nitrogen-regulated genes on disease development, caused by phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, the potential influence of nitrogen-limitation or general nutrient limitation on several in planta-induced bacterial and fungal pathogenicity, virulence and avirulence genes will be discussed.     

Density dependence of herbivorous central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum in stream mesocosms

Herbivorous fish can have strong effects on stream ecosystem function by consuming primary producers and excreting limiting nutrients, but it is unclear whether they are resource limited. Thus, understanding factors regulating abundance of these fish might help predict ecosystem function. We used stream mesocosms to test whether populations of central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum exhibit density dependence across a range of typical densities and resource abundance found in Great Plains streams. We predicted that incrementally increasing stocking biomass from 3·7 to 24·9 g·m^?2 would reduce standing stocks of resources resulting in lower growth of stocked fish. Fish growth (over 41 days) was compared to initial stocking biomass and primary production as well as standing stocks of algae and invertebrates using regression analysis. Mean growth of individuals was negatively associated with stocking biomass ( = 0·55; P = 0·02), as predicted. Contrary to our prediction, increases in fish biomass led to increased primary productivity ( = 0·31, P = 0·07), but resulted in no relationship among algal filament lengths ( = 0·00; P = 0·34), algal biomass ( = 0·12; P = 0·19) or invertebrate biomass ( = 0·03; P = 0·30). Thus, density dependence occurred without an apparent reduction in food resources. We hypothesised that stoneroller growth was possibly limited by competition for high‐quality algae or invertebrates, or behavioural interactions causing interference competition.     

干旱胁迫对大豆气孔特征和光合参数的影响

利用盆栽法对大豆进行了不同梯度的水分处理,以研究不同水分胁迫条件对大豆气孔特征和光合特征的影响。试验结果表明：随着水分胁迫强度的增加,大豆叶片的气孔长度、宽度、周长、面积均呈减小趋势,气孔密度呈增加趋势。轻度水分胁迫条件下,大豆叶片的净光合速率（Pn）日均值较高,而在充分灌水条件下,大豆叶片的最大光量子效率值（Fv/Fm）较高,不同水分胁迫处理之间叶绿素含量没有显著差异。不同水分胁迫下大豆的净光合速率与气孔导度间均存在极显著相关关系,而气孔导度与单一气孔特征之间无显著相关关系,表明气孔传导力是大豆光合能力的主要限制因素之一,但同时也存在非气孔限制因素。实验中大豆生长的最适宜土壤相对含水量是60%～65%,此时的光合速率下降是由气孔限制引起。当土壤相对含水量低于60%时,光合作用的非气孔限制因素开始出现。当土壤相对含水量在35%～40%时,非气孔限制逐渐成为大豆叶片光合能力下降主导因子,并可能导致光合器官受到损伤。     

生态文明理念下我国农村国土综合整治分区及实施路径

为探讨在生态文明理念的指引下新时代农村国土综合整治差异化路径,本研究从农村国土综合整治的关注重点出发,在效率、品质、形态、文化等4 个方面构建指标体系,对全国范围内农村国土利用水平进行本底评价,采用ArcGIS探索性空间数据分析,对评价结果进行限制、优势性因素识别,再叠加形成限制性及优势性因素分级,并根据区域差异提出针对性的整治实施路径。结果表明:1)我国农村国土利用水平区域差异明显,总体呈现东部高、西部低的空间分布格局,高值区主要分布在华北平原及沿海地区,低值区多分布在中西部地区以及西南地区;2)各评价子系统空间分布集聚程度较高,高值区及低值区空间分布呈现明显规律性并具有显著的地域性;3)各区域限制性因素和优势性因素差异显著,东部无限制区应进行全域农村国土综合整治,打造乡村振兴示范区,东北地区应当注重品质的提升,西南地区应着重提升土地利用效率。     

舟山渔场海域春夏季氮磷分布及其对浮游植物的限制

依据2008年5、8月对舟山渔场海域进行的水文环境和渔业资源状况的综合调查结果,阐述了舟山渔场海域表层氮磷的分布特征及其对浮游植物生长的限制状况。结果表明：氮磷含量总体上随着离岸距离的增大逐渐变小,呈现西高东低的分布趋势,无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量均表现为夏季低、春季高的特征。调查海域叶绿素a含量随氮磷的波动呈现明显的季节性和区域性变化,夏季明显高于春季。无机氮、活性磷酸盐与叶绿素a的分布呈负相关变化,春季调查海域表现为磷限制,夏季绝大多数调查海域为磷限制,只有调查海域最东部边缘表现为氮限制,这与一般海洋环境为氮限制的结论一致。     

Seed supply and the regeneration potential for plantations and shrubland in southern China

Assessing the characteristics of seed supply will be vital to better understand the dynamics of forest regeneration. In this study, we surveyed the aboveground vegetation, the seed rain, the seed bank, and natural seedling emergence in four typical 24-year-old plantations (eucalyptus, mixed-native, mixed-legume, and mixed-conifer) and a naturally successioned shrubland in southern China. The dominant species in the understory were similar among the five plant communities. The seed rain and the seed bank were dominated by shrubs and herbs but indigenous tree species were rare. Species that were common to all five-plant communities represented a great proportion of the seeds in the seed rain and seed bank. The seed rain consisted mostly of seeds derived from the local plant community. Seed abundance was greater in the seed bank than in the seed rain, and species richness was greater in the seed bank and in the corresponding plant community than in the seed rain. Species composition similarity between the seed rain, the seed bank, and the aboveground vegetation was low, because the seed rain contained much fewer species, and the seed bank and aboveground vegetation contained many different species, respectively. These findings indicate that both the seed rain and the seed bank play important roles in providing seeds for plant recruitment in the understory, but the seed bank contributes more than the current seed rain to the diversity of recruited plants. The current plant community has little impact on the qualitative composition of the seed rain and seed bank. Based on these data, it appears that succession to the desired zonal, mature forest community is unlikely to result from seeds in the seed rain or seed bank. Lack of seed availability of desired zonal mature forest species is the main bottleneck currently limiting succession in the plantations. Reintroduction of late-successional species could facilitate the desired succession.     

油松光合作用对臭氧浓度升高的响应

采用开顶箱法研究了高浓度O3(80 nmol.mol-1)对沈阳市城区内油松光合生理的影响。结果表明,高浓度O3处理降低了油松净光合速率。油松光合速率下降则是2种限制因素共同作用的结果。O3处理后,油松的羧化效率始终低于对照,表明油松的气孔调节能力较弱,更易受到O3的伤害。     

卡多佐的法官造法理论

法官是"发现"法律还是"创造"法律,这是一个争论已久的问题。卡多佐是一名温和的现实主义法学家,他重视法律确定性的重要作用,但是更加肯定法律必须不断发展变化。卡多佐主张法官造法,认为法官造法非常必要,但同时强调应当对法官造法进行限制。     

船舶担保物权对债权人保护的局限性

建立以船舶为标的的担保物权制度,对保护海事债权人的利益有着特别重要的意义.分别归纳总结了船舶优先权、船舶抵押权及船舶留置权的特点及对债权人保护的局限性,并从维护债权人合法权益的角度出发,提出了修法建议、司法解释建议和合同约定建议.     

Foliar N/P ratio and nutrient limitation to vegetation growth on Keerqin sandy grassland of North‐east China

To examine whether the critical leaf N/P ratios (of 14, 16) are valid to test nutrient limitation in the context of semi‐arid sandy grasslands, an experiment was conducted on a Keerqin sandy grassland in North‐east China to investigate the responses of plant biomass and nutrient concentrations to fertilization. Plant biomass production and leaf nutrient concentrations were measured after five consecutive years of fertilization with N (20 g N m^?2 year^?1) and/or P (10 g P₂O₅ m^?2 year^?1). Nitrogen fertilization increased the shoot biomass by twofold and consequently the shoot/root ratio, whereas P fertilization had little effect on either shoot biomass or shoot/root ratio. Leaf N/P ratio varied among species with an average of 5·6 in the control, while the mean leaf N/P ratio (7·5) under the N fertilization treatment remained below the threshold of 14. Our results suggest that the critical N/P ratio (14, 16) is not applicable as a test for nutrient limitations in the context of semi‐arid, sandy grassland.