3个樱桃品种光合特性比较研究

 以3个原产地不同的甜樱桃栽培品种佐藤锦、斯坦勒和那翁为试材, 利用CIRAS-2便携式光合测定仪, 对其光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明: 樱桃净光合速率( Pn) 日变化为典型的双峰曲线,气孔限制是光合“午休”的主要调节因素。樱桃光合作用对光照强度( PAR) 、CO₂ 浓度和温度等单一生态因子水平变化的响应均可以用二次方程来描述。樱桃光补偿点(LCP) 为10～82μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 光饱和点(LSP) 为970～1 040μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 斯坦勒较低, 佐藤锦较高。樱桃CO₂ 补偿点(CCP) 为90～116μmol·mol^{- 1} , CO₂ 饱和点(CSP) 为1 030～1 233μmol·mol^{- 1} , 佐藤锦CCP较低而CSP较高, 且羧化效率和CO₂ 饱和点时光合能力( Pm) 均显著高于其它两个品种。樱桃光合作用对温度的适应范围较窄,在11～36℃之间, 最适温度在23～25℃之间, 适温下佐藤锦Pn显著高于斯坦勒和那翁。     

Synergistic action of E. coli endotoxin and Pasteurella multocida type A for the induction of bronchopneumonia in pigs

This study aimed to investigate whether Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS) may predispose the lung to an infection with Pasteurella multocida type A (Pma) and to determine the LPS concentration needed to reproduce clinical signs of bronchopneumonia. Twenty-four hours before inoculating Pma or sterile growth medium, piglets were tracheally instilled with 10, 100 or 400 microg/kg LPS. Cough, body temperature, daily weight gain (DWG) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells and volume of pneumonic lung were measured. Changes in breathing pattern (Penh) were assessed by whole body barometric plethysmography. No significant changes were observed in Pma-treated or in control animals. Each LPS doses induced DWG reduction while the higher generated a severe subacute interstitial pneumonia causing hyperthermia and an increase in Penh. The combination of the lower LPS doses with Pma produced an asymptomatic bronchopneumonia leading to DWG reduction, rise in Penh and an increase in BALF macrophages and neutrophils. With 400 microg/kg LPS, Pma worsened the inflammatory process as illustrated by cough, hyperthermia, major DWG reduction and by a greater Penh response. Lung lesions consisted of severe exudative bronchopneumonia. We concluded that LPS may negatively influence growth, predispose to persisting lung inflammatory process and promote Pma infection depending on the dose previously administered.     

水分胁迫下钾对岸杂一号(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pars.)光合作用的影响

研究了两种浓度PEG—6000造成的水分胁迫下,钾对C_4型牧草良种岸杂一号狗牙根光合作用的影响,同时探讨了光合作用的气孔限制问题。试验结果表明,-2.5bar胁迫下,高钾使气孔阻力变化更加明显,而叶肉细胞的羧化活性并未受到影响;-4.7bar胁迫下,气孔因素对光合速率的影响,高K~+处理大于低K~+处理,且高K~+可减轻净光合速率的降低,还可维持相对较大的共质体体积,推测这可能是高K~+部分地逆转水分胁迫抑制光合作用的机制之一。因此认为,C_s的大小并不总是光合作用的主要限制因素。     

Fire Return Interval and Season of Fire Alter Bud Banks

Despite the importance of vegetative reproduction in annual tiller replacement, little is known about the patterns and timing of tiller recruitment from the bud bank, especially regarding fire return intervals and seasons of fire. We examined aboveground plant density, temporal patterns of tiller production, and belowground bud bank dynamics for Bouteloua gracilis (Willd ex. Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths), Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve, and Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth following summer, fall, and spring prescribed fires at 2-yr, 3-yr, and 6-yr fire return intervals, and their interactions. Fire treatments were initiated in 2006, and buds were assessed July 2011 through July 2013. Density and number of reproductive B. gracilis tillers increased in 2013 following drought during 2012, unlike H. comata, which decreased reproductive tiller production. Irrespective of fire treatments, B. gracilis produced the most buds (8 ? 10 buds ? tiller^? 1) and H. comata produced the least (2 ? 3 buds ? tiller^? 1), with P. smithii producing an intermediate amount (6 ? 8 buds ? tiller^? 1). Immediate B. gracilis and P. smithii bud mortality did not occur for all season and fire return interval treatments. However, H. comata bud mortality increased immediately following summer and fall prescribed fires. Three-yr fire return intervals increased active buds throughout the 2013 winter and growing season for B. gracilis and P. smithii relative to control plots and 2- and 6-yr fire return intervals. Fire stimulated bud activity of B. gracilis and P. smithii relative to nonburned plots. The aboveground and belowground response of H. comata indicated meristem limitations following fire treatments, illustrating greater vulnerability to fire for that species than B. gracilis and P. smithii.     

A study of experimental acute lung injury in pigs on zero end-expiratory pressure

OBJECTIVES: Tidal expiratory flow limitation (EFL) has been reported in humans with acute lung injury (ALI) and assumed to be associated with small airway closure. Detection of EFL is important because by selecting positive end-expiratory pressure at such a level that EFL is no longer present in the tidal breath, the repeated opening and closure of small airways can be prevented. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of EFL in two experimental models of ALI. ANIMALS: Ten female piglets. METHODS: Animals were anaesthetized, tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated on zero end-expiratory pressure. Acute lung injury was induced by oleic acid (OA) (n = 5) or saline lavage (SL) (n = 5). Tidal EFL was assessed by the negative expiratory pressure test. Lung and chest wall mechanics were partitioned using an oesophageal balloon. Resistance and static elastance were assessed by a rapid airway occlusion technique at baseline ventilatory settings. RESULTS: There was no EFL at any time before and after ALI in both models. This may be due to an increased elastance which promoted higher expiratory flow after ALI and to a decreased chest wall to lung static elastance ratio which could favour small airways patency. The similar increase in total lung resistance, in the two models, after ALI was mostly due to an increased airway resistance in the OA model and to the lung tissue resistance in the SL model. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tidal EFL was not detected in experimental ALI. This finding casts some doubt about the usefulness of some experimental models of ALI to mimic some reported findings in human ALI.     

水分胁迫下抗旱性不同的两种苹果属植物光合特性的变化

 水分胁迫使苹果属植物叶绿素一蛋白质(Chl-Pro)结合度松弛，净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度下降，胞间CO₂浓度先降后升，SOD、CAT活性先升后降，类胡萝卜素、抗坏血酸含量大幅度降低，0₂^-.产生速率、H₂0₂含量增高；这些参数下降和上升的幅度均为：平邑甜茶>新疆野苹果。水分胁迫下平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果幼苗叶片的PIl与其Chl-Pro、0₂^-.、H₂O₂间均呈显著负相关。表明水分胁迫对苹果属植物光合速率的影响除受气孔因素限制之外，在胁迫后期由活性氧代谢失调所诱导的非气孔因素成为限制光合速率的主要因素之一。     

Wild boars (Sus scrofa) affect the recruitment rate and spatial distribution of holm oak (Quercus ilex)

The role of herbivores in controlling plant population abundance and distribution is unclear. We experimentally determine the effect of damage by wild boars (Sus scrofa) in recruitment rate and spatial pattern of a Mediterranean tree, the holm oak (Quercus ilex). We monitored oak establishment in the Sierra Nevada of southeastern Spain during 4 years (1999–2002) in four plots, two fenced and two unfenced that were used as controls. In addition, we planted 1-year-old seedlings in all microhabitats, both in fenced and control plots, to experimentally determine the effect of wild boar on their microhabitat-dependent survival. Despite seedling abundance being similar inside and outside the fences, sapling abundance diminished up to 50% in unfenced plots compared to fenced plots. Wild boars also seemed to modify the spatial distribution of seedlings and saplings. Whereas seedlings were most abundant under pines both in fenced and control plots, sapling abundance was highest under pine trees in fenced plots, but similarly abundant under pines or shrubs in control plots. This change in spatial pattern was due to the effect of wild boars killing seedlings when looking for food under pines. The effects of the different mortality factors were not additive. Where ungulates are absent, recruitment is high and occurs under oaks and especially under pines. Where wild boars are present, recruitment diminishes and occurs mostly under shrubs and pines. Wild boars arrest population growth and modify the spatial pattern of recruitment.     

提高机械数控加工技术水平的有效策略

我国在机械数控加工技术与欧美发达国家相比,还存在不少差距,仍有许多问题需要完善。我国应该积极投入到时代发展的潮流之中,将计算机信息技术与机械数控加工技术进行更深层次的融入,对当下先进技术和理论进行完善和升级。还需要对数控人员的素质和专业技能进行一定的提升和强化,保障其可以跟上时代发展的脚步,对高新机械数控机床进行良好而高效的控制。     

The effects of holding space on juvenile red king crab,Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815), growth and survival

Rearing crustaceans communally for aquaculture, stock enhancement or research often results in high rates of cannibalism and low yields. One potential strategy to reduce loss from cannibalism is to rear crustaceans in individual cells. As small holding cell size can result in decreased growth or increased mortality, it is essential to identify the optimal holding cell size, both for mass culturing efforts and for experimental design purposes. In this study, we reared juvenile red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus (3.67–8.30 mm carapace length) in 20, 40 and 77 mm diameter holding cells, and monitored growth and survival over a 274‐day experiment. A trend of lower growth per molt in the smallest holding cells resulted in crab 17% smaller than those in the large holding cells at the end of the experiment. In addition, mortality rates were an order of magnitude higher in the small holding cells compared with the large or medium cells. For individual rearing of this size of juvenile red king crab, the medium‐sized cells (40 mm diameter) are the optimal size as there was no increase in mortality and only marginally lower growth rates compared to the large‐sized cells.     

黄瓜结果期灌水上限的研究

为探索温室秋延后黄瓜结果期适宜灌水上限,以‘津春3号’黄瓜为试材,研究了水分上限为80%、85%、90%、95%、100%田间持水量下黄瓜生长发育、光合作用、水分利用率及产量的变化。结果表明：水分上限为90%时,植株生长旺盛,根系活力强,光合作用及水分利用率最高,总产量显著高于其它处理,比水分上限为100%处理增产18.4%,节水效果较好,90%为最适的灌水上限。