秦岭山地松栎混交林优势草本N,P化学计量特征

氮(N)和磷(P)是影响陆地生态系统生产力的重要元素,而植物氮磷(N-P)生态化学计量特征为研究植物的养分利用状况提供了有效途径.研究林下草本优势种叶片N,P元素含量,可为判断其生长限制性元素及探索提高其生产力的途径提供参考依据.以秦岭松栎混交林内优势草本为研究对象,在群落调查的基础上,确定秦岭山地松栎混交林内草本优势种,分析优势草本叶片N,P化学计量特征.结果表明:林内草本偶见种较多;优势草本叶中N,P含量和N∶P比的均值分别为(17.51±3.01) mg·g-1,(1.74士0.79)mg·g-1和(11.67士4.01);优势草本叶片中N与P的含量间存在线性关系;随着草本叶片中P含量增加,N∶P比总体呈下降趋势;研究区松栎混交林内草本优势种披针叶苔草(Carex lanceolata)和野青茅(Deyeuxia sylvatica)生长受土壤中可利用的N限制,升麻(Astilbe chinensis)不受土壤中可利用的N,P含量限制;开展森林抚育,促进凋落物分解有利于提高松栎混交林内草本生产力.     

Synergistic action of E. coli endotoxin and Pasteurella multocida type A for the induction of bronchopneumonia in pigs

This study aimed to investigate whether Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS) may predispose the lung to an infection with Pasteurella multocida type A (Pma) and to determine the LPS concentration needed to reproduce clinical signs of bronchopneumonia. Twenty-four hours before inoculating Pma or sterile growth medium, piglets were tracheally instilled with 10, 100 or 400 microg/kg LPS. Cough, body temperature, daily weight gain (DWG) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells and volume of pneumonic lung were measured. Changes in breathing pattern (Penh) were assessed by whole body barometric plethysmography. No significant changes were observed in Pma-treated or in control animals. Each LPS doses induced DWG reduction while the higher generated a severe subacute interstitial pneumonia causing hyperthermia and an increase in Penh. The combination of the lower LPS doses with Pma produced an asymptomatic bronchopneumonia leading to DWG reduction, rise in Penh and an increase in BALF macrophages and neutrophils. With 400 microg/kg LPS, Pma worsened the inflammatory process as illustrated by cough, hyperthermia, major DWG reduction and by a greater Penh response. Lung lesions consisted of severe exudative bronchopneumonia. We concluded that LPS may negatively influence growth, predispose to persisting lung inflammatory process and promote Pma infection depending on the dose previously administered.     

水分胁迫下钾对岸杂一号(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pars.)光合作用的影响

研究了两种浓度PEG—6000造成的水分胁迫下,钾对C_4型牧草良种岸杂一号狗牙根光合作用的影响,同时探讨了光合作用的气孔限制问题。试验结果表明,-2.5bar胁迫下,高钾使气孔阻力变化更加明显,而叶肉细胞的羧化活性并未受到影响;-4.7bar胁迫下,气孔因素对光合速率的影响,高K~+处理大于低K~+处理,且高K~+可减轻净光合速率的降低,还可维持相对较大的共质体体积,推测这可能是高K~+部分地逆转水分胁迫抑制光合作用的机制之一。因此认为,C_s的大小并不总是光合作用的主要限制因素。     

3个樱桃品种光合特性比较研究

 以3个原产地不同的甜樱桃栽培品种佐藤锦、斯坦勒和那翁为试材, 利用CIRAS-2便携式光合测定仪, 对其光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明: 樱桃净光合速率( Pn) 日变化为典型的双峰曲线,气孔限制是光合“午休”的主要调节因素。樱桃光合作用对光照强度( PAR) 、CO₂ 浓度和温度等单一生态因子水平变化的响应均可以用二次方程来描述。樱桃光补偿点(LCP) 为10～82μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 光饱和点(LSP) 为970～1 040μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1} , 斯坦勒较低, 佐藤锦较高。樱桃CO₂ 补偿点(CCP) 为90～116μmol·mol^{- 1} , CO₂ 饱和点(CSP) 为1 030～1 233μmol·mol^{- 1} , 佐藤锦CCP较低而CSP较高, 且羧化效率和CO₂ 饱和点时光合能力( Pm) 均显著高于其它两个品种。樱桃光合作用对温度的适应范围较窄,在11～36℃之间, 最适温度在23～25℃之间, 适温下佐藤锦Pn显著高于斯坦勒和那翁。     

Fire Return Interval and Season of Fire Alter Bud Banks

Despite the importance of vegetative reproduction in annual tiller replacement, little is known about the patterns and timing of tiller recruitment from the bud bank, especially regarding fire return intervals and seasons of fire. We examined aboveground plant density, temporal patterns of tiller production, and belowground bud bank dynamics for Bouteloua gracilis (Willd ex. Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths), Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve, and Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth following summer, fall, and spring prescribed fires at 2-yr, 3-yr, and 6-yr fire return intervals, and their interactions. Fire treatments were initiated in 2006, and buds were assessed July 2011 through July 2013. Density and number of reproductive B. gracilis tillers increased in 2013 following drought during 2012, unlike H. comata, which decreased reproductive tiller production. Irrespective of fire treatments, B. gracilis produced the most buds (8 ? 10 buds ? tiller^? 1) and H. comata produced the least (2 ? 3 buds ? tiller^? 1), with P. smithii producing an intermediate amount (6 ? 8 buds ? tiller^? 1). Immediate B. gracilis and P. smithii bud mortality did not occur for all season and fire return interval treatments. However, H. comata bud mortality increased immediately following summer and fall prescribed fires. Three-yr fire return intervals increased active buds throughout the 2013 winter and growing season for B. gracilis and P. smithii relative to control plots and 2- and 6-yr fire return intervals. Fire stimulated bud activity of B. gracilis and P. smithii relative to nonburned plots. The aboveground and belowground response of H. comata indicated meristem limitations following fire treatments, illustrating greater vulnerability to fire for that species than B. gracilis and P. smithii.     

A study of experimental acute lung injury in pigs on zero end-expiratory pressure

OBJECTIVES: Tidal expiratory flow limitation (EFL) has been reported in humans with acute lung injury (ALI) and assumed to be associated with small airway closure. Detection of EFL is important because by selecting positive end-expiratory pressure at such a level that EFL is no longer present in the tidal breath, the repeated opening and closure of small airways can be prevented. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of EFL in two experimental models of ALI. ANIMALS: Ten female piglets. METHODS: Animals were anaesthetized, tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated on zero end-expiratory pressure. Acute lung injury was induced by oleic acid (OA) (n = 5) or saline lavage (SL) (n = 5). Tidal EFL was assessed by the negative expiratory pressure test. Lung and chest wall mechanics were partitioned using an oesophageal balloon. Resistance and static elastance were assessed by a rapid airway occlusion technique at baseline ventilatory settings. RESULTS: There was no EFL at any time before and after ALI in both models. This may be due to an increased elastance which promoted higher expiratory flow after ALI and to a decreased chest wall to lung static elastance ratio which could favour small airways patency. The similar increase in total lung resistance, in the two models, after ALI was mostly due to an increased airway resistance in the OA model and to the lung tissue resistance in the SL model. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tidal EFL was not detected in experimental ALI. This finding casts some doubt about the usefulness of some experimental models of ALI to mimic some reported findings in human ALI.     

水分胁迫下抗旱性不同的两种苹果属植物光合特性的变化

 水分胁迫使苹果属植物叶绿素一蛋白质(Chl-Pro)结合度松弛，净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度下降，胞间CO₂浓度先降后升，SOD、CAT活性先升后降，类胡萝卜素、抗坏血酸含量大幅度降低，0₂^-.产生速率、H₂0₂含量增高；这些参数下降和上升的幅度均为：平邑甜茶>新疆野苹果。水分胁迫下平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果幼苗叶片的PIl与其Chl-Pro、0₂^-.、H₂O₂间均呈显著负相关。表明水分胁迫对苹果属植物光合速率的影响除受气孔因素限制之外，在胁迫后期由活性氧代谢失调所诱导的非气孔因素成为限制光合速率的主要因素之一。     

俄罗斯百脉根种质材料的光合特性研究

利用德国GFS-3000光合仪,以百脉根品种里奥、迈瑞伯、佐治亚为对照,测定了从俄罗斯引进到西北绿洲地区的61份百脉根种质材料的光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)等光合特性指标,通过灰色关联度加权分析及聚类分析综合评价了供试种质材料的光合性能。结果表明:61份种质材料可分为3类,第Ⅰ类12份种质材料,光合性能较优,其中,排在前5位的材料分别为Zxy08p-4693、Zxy06p-2376、Zxy09p-5642、Zxy09p-6464、Zxy09p-6300,该类材料的光合速率在18.12~23.39μmol/(m~2·s),胞间CO_2浓度在305.49~365.90μmol/mol,气孔限制值在0.28~0.34μmol/(m~2·s);第Ⅱ类包括引进的26份材料及对照佐治亚、迈瑞伯,光合性能中等,该类材料的光合速率在14.59~20.12μmol/(m~2·s),胞间CO_2浓度在197.32~335.53μmol/mol,气孔限制值在0.32~0.54μmol/(m~2·s);第Ⅲ类为Zxy06p-2287,Zxy08p-4528和Zxy09p-5809等20份材料及对照里奥,光合性能差,该类材料的光合速率在10.41~16.86μmol/(m~2·s),胞间CO_2浓度在217.70~319.64μmol/mol,气孔限制值在0.34~0.51μmol/(m~2·s)。     

氮素添加和干旱胁迫下白羊草碳氮磷化学计量特征

【目的】氮素和水分是干旱半干旱区生态系统的主要限制因子,研究两者交互作用对干旱半干旱区植物碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征的影响有助于深入了解干旱半干旱生态系统对全球变化的响应。【方法】以黄土丘陵区退耕地典型草本植物白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）为研究对象,采用盆栽控制试验,设置添加氮0（对照）、2.5 g/（m2a）（低氮）、5.0 g/（m2a）（高氮）三个水平;供水处理设75%~80% FC（充分供水）、55%~60% FC（轻度干旱胁迫）和35%~40% FC（重度干旱胁迫）三个水平。测定了白羊草地上部分和根系碳氮磷含量,讨论了氮素和水分供应对其化学计量特征的影响。【结果】氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分和根系碳含量无显著影响,氮素添加使白羊草地上部分氮含量提高9.7%~48.8%（P 0.001）,而干旱胁迫使其降低2.8%~28.3%（P 0.001）。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草根系氮含量的影响表现为正常水分条件下氮素添加使根系氮含量提高25.0%~26.1%（P 0.01）,而干旱条件下氮素添加无显著作用。氮素添加和干旱胁迫使白羊草地上部分磷含量分别降低17.4%~31.8%和12.0%~22.1%（P 0.001）。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分C:N的影响表现为在干旱胁迫条件下氮素添加使地上部分C:N降低24.9%~32.9%（P 0.05）,在正常供水条件下氮素添加无显著影响。氮素添加对根系部分C:N有显著影响,在正常供水条件下氮素添加使根系部分C:N降低19.8%~24.5%（P 0.05）。氮素添加和干旱胁迫使白羊草地上部分C:P分别提高24.4%~42.3%和12.2%~31.0%（P 0.001）,对根系C:P无显著影响。氮素添加显著提高白羊草地上部分N:P,干旱胁迫对白羊草地上部分N:P无显著影响。氮素添加和干旱胁迫对白羊草根系部分N:P表现为在正常供水条件下氮素添加使根系部分N:P提高26.8%~54.8%（P 0.05）,在干旱胁迫条件下氮素添加无显著影响。【结论】氮素添加条件下白羊草C:P和N:P的提高表明氮沉降增加一定程度上改善了土壤供氮状况,进一步加剧了磷素限制作用。氮素增加条件下干旱胁迫对N:P无显著影响,表明白羊草的生长将逐渐受到氮素和磷素的共同限制。     

岩溶区不同恢复阶段檵木根际土壤生态化学计量学特征

[目的]探讨不同植被恢复阶段中檵木(Loropetalum chinense)根际土壤生态化学计量学特征,揭示岩溶石漠化区不同恢复阶段下檵木养分利用规律及限制因子,为岩溶区植被恢复与重建提供科学依据。[方法]利用生态化学计量学方法,分析桂西北岩溶区不同植被恢复阶段(灌木林、原生林)檵木根际土壤生态化学计量学特征。[结果]檵木根际土壤C、N、P含量表现为灌木林阶段高于原生林阶段,而C∶N,C∶P,N∶P比值则刚好相反;同一植被恢复阶段,不同坡位间檵木根际土壤C∶P与N∶P比值存在显著差异;相关性分析表明,土壤C含量与土壤N∶P含量存在显著正相关关系,土壤N,P均与C∶N,C∶P,N∶P存在显著正相关关系,土壤C∶P与C∶N,N∶P存在显著正相关关系。[结论]檵木根际养分供应状况与其生境密切相关,在植被恢复前期(灌木林)檵木生长容易受N素限制,到植被恢复后期檵木生长易受P素限制。