The impact of former agriculture on habitat conditions and distribution patterns of ancient woodland plant species in recent black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) woods in south-western Poland

Little is known about the influence of former agricultural use of soils on the forest recovery process in post-agricultural black alder (Alnus glutinosa) woods – the most fertile and the wettest forest habitats among the European temperate forest types. Thus, studies focusing on edaphic, hydrological and light conditions responsible for colonization mechanisms present in such woodlands adjoining ancient ones were undertaken in south-western Poland. In the 16 m² quadrats of the 33 transects laid out perpendicularly across the ancient-recent forest boundary, data were collected on herb layer composition, chemical soil properties, as well as illumination level. Additionally, groundwater level in the spring months was recorded in piezometers. The number and cover of true woodland herbs were higher in ancient woods, regardless of forest type. Soils in ancient woodlands reached higher levels of Al³⁺, K⁺, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available K, P, and organic C, whereas their pH was lower. The illumination level of the forest floor was greater in recent woods. Linear regression showed that recent wood age had a negative effect on pH and base cations, but positive on Fe²⁺, Ca²⁺, available P and Mg, CEC, and on C and N contents. CCA results showed that woodland age, pH, humus type, groundwater level, available Mg and K were always among those variables having the highest contribution in explaining the distribution pattern of woodland species in recent woods. Total N and available P contents were always higher in ancient woodland soils than in recent, and their content grew with time. Thus, they cannot be treated as indicators of former agricultural use of recent alder wood soils. Urtica dioica, Poa trivialis and Galium aparine, the three competitive herbs, avoided sites with a high level of groundwater, combined with poor illumination level. In order to create the best possible conditions allowing for effective forest recovery in habitats of such high fertility, it is essential to maintain a good water regime and shade in the forest floor. This in turn reduces the competitive exclusion of woodland flora by the aggressive herbs and facilitates the immigration of typical woodland herbs.     

Carbon and Nitrogen Amendments Lead to Differential Growth of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in a High-pH Soil

Microbial growth in soil is mostly limited by lack of carbon (C). However, adding fresh, C-rich litter can induce nitrogen (N) limitation. We studied the effect of alleviating C and N limitation in high-pH (> 8) soils, soils expected to favor bacterial over fungal growth. Nitrogen limitation was induced by incubating soils amended with C-rich substrate (starch or straw) for 4 weeks. Limiting nutrients and the effects of alleviating limitation were then studied by adding C (as glucose) or N (as NH₄NO₃) and measuring microbial growth and respiration after 4 d. In non-amended, C-limited soils, adding C but not N increased both microbial respiration and bacterial growth. In N-limited, substrate-amended soils, adding C increased respiration, whereas adding N increased both microbial respiration and growth. Inducing N limitation by amending with straw was most easily detected in increased fungal growth after the addition of N, whereas with starch, only bacterial growth responded to alleviating N limitation. Compared to earlier results using a low-pH soil, the effect of substrate used to induce N limitation was more important than pH for inducing bacterial or fungal growth after alleviating N limitation. Furthermore, we found no evidence that alleviating N limitation resulted in decreased respiration concomitant with increased microbial growth in soil, suggesting no drastic changes in C use efficiency.     

水分亏缺对滴灌柑橘光合和产量及水分利用效率的影响

为揭示滴灌水分亏缺对柑橘叶片光合特性、产量与水分利用效率的调控效应,以7 a生"不知火"柑橘为试材,在果实膨大期(Ⅲ)、果实成熟期(Ⅳ)各设置4个亏水处理,即轻度亏水(LD)、中度亏水(MD1)、偏重度亏水(MD2)和重度亏水(SD)处理,并设置1个对照处理(CK),分析柑橘叶片光合特性、产量及水分利用效率对滴灌水分亏缺的响应规律。结果表明:与CK相比,Ⅲ-LD处理叶片气孔导度显著降低(P0.05),羧化速率、净光合速率均无显著差异(P0.05),Ⅳ-LD处理蒸腾速率显著降低(P0.05)且叶片瞬时水分利用效率提高36.61%(P0.05);与CK相比,Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期叶片气孔限制值随亏水度加剧增大;与CK相比,Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期各亏水处理的耗水量随亏水度加剧降低。Ⅲ-LD、Ⅳ-LD处理的产量与CK无显著差异(P0.05),但水分利用效率提高13%、9.5%,WUEI提高11%和6.87%(P0.05)。因此,滴灌柑橘Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期轻度亏水处理在保证产量条件下,可节约灌溉用水且提高水分利用效率,是柑橘适宜的滴灌水分亏缺模式。     

模拟SO2湿沉降对桑树幼苗生长和光系统Ⅱ的影响

为探明SO_2湿沉降对桑树(Morus alba)幼苗生长和叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的影响,本研究利用Na2SO3和NaHSO3的混合液(浓度比为3∶1)模拟SO_2湿沉降,连续处理两年龄的桑树幼苗28d。结果表明,经浓度为50和100mmol·L~(-1)的混合液处理后,桑树幼苗的叶片出现明显的灼烧伤斑,叶片光合能力显著低于对照(P0.05),株高、分枝数、叶片数也明显比对照低。而20mmol·L~(-1)模拟SO_2湿沉降显著提高了桑树幼苗叶片光合能力(P0.05),增加了株高、分枝数和叶片数(P0.05),促进了桑树的生长。快速叶绿素荧光动力学参数分析表明,50和100mmol·L~(-1)混合液处理桑树幼苗,PSⅡ单位反应中心吸收的能量(ABS/RC)、反应中心消耗的能量(DIo/RC)和反应中心用于还原QA的能量(TRo/RC)与对照差异不显著(P0.05),而反应中心用于电子传递的能量(ETo/RC)、照光2 ms时有活性反应中心的开放程度(Ψo)值和吸收光能用QA-以后的电子传递的量子产额(φEo)值均较对照略有下降(P0.05),同时非光化学淬灭的最大量子产额(φDo)值则上升(P0.05),说明50和100mmol·L~(-1) SO_2湿沉降并未影响PSⅡ反应中心对光能的吸收,过剩的光能用于非光化学淬灭,光合性能指数PIABS显著下降(P0.05),是因为PSⅡ中电子传递到受到了抑制。本研究结果证明,浓度≤20mmol·L~(-1)SO_2湿沉降有利于PSⅡ功能和活性提高,提高了桑树光合速率,促进了桑树生长。     

宝天曼自然保护区树附生苔藓空间格局分析

采用单变量g(r)函数,选用同质性泊松、异质性泊松、同质性托马斯和异质性托马斯4个零模型,分析了宝天曼自然保护区内1 hm2样地中11种树附生苔藓物种的空间分布格局.结果显示,11个物种中,有6个物种在同质性泊松模型下表现出聚集分布,在同质性托马斯模型下的聚集程度有所减弱,但在异质性泊松模型下完全变为随机分布.与同质性泊松模型下的分布相比,在异质性泊松模型下,有4个物种在较大尺度上的聚集分布变为随机分布;而在同质性托马斯模型下,有2个物种在较小尺度上的聚集分布变为随机分布.研究表明:1)生境异质性和扩散限制均对树附生苔藓空间分布格局的形成有影响,且生境异质性起主要作用;2)生境异质性可在小尺度上影响树附生苔藓的空间分布,扩散限制也能在大尺度上发挥作用.     

寒地水稻不同生态类型下优质高产营养障碍因子研究

在黑龙江省第二积温带的哈尔滨呼兰地区和第三积温带的庆安地区通过田间试验研究了最佳处理（OPT）和OPT-N、OPT-P、OPT-K、OPT-B、OPT-Zn、CK0 7个处理对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明：在不同生态类型下,水稻生长发育和产量、质量的第一限制因子是氮,其次是钾,在品质方面主要影响出米率、外观品质和食味;对生长发育和产量构成因素的影响,两个生态区均表现趋势一致,缺氮显著降低水稻的分蘖、株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数,而缺其他元素的处理与全肥区差异不显著。这些营养元素缺乏和不均衡供给对水稻高产、稳产构成严重威胁,成为土壤养分限制因子和潜在限制因子,应该有效地管理好养分资源。     

Broad-leaf species composition in Cryptomeria japonica plantations with respect to distance from natural forest

To address the pressing need to evaluate how conifer plantations can serve biodiversity functions in addition to other economic and social roles they play, we assessed the diversity of broad-leaf seedlings and saplings in Cryptomeria japonica plantations in Ogawa, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan at increasing distances (0–1000 m) from old growth natural forest edge. For saplings, there was no overall significant trend in the frequency, species richness, and Shannon index with respect to distance. Seedlings on the other hand showed a decrease in frequency and species richness with increasing distance from the old growth forest, implying that should recruitment limitation occur in the plantations, it will be stronger at the seed-to-seedling transition than at the seedling-to-sapling transition. Assigning species into groups based on functional traits that are associated with recruitment and regeneration was more revealing. Relative frequency of species that are moderately shade-tolerant, are shrubs, have small seeds, and are frugivore-dispersed increased in the plantations. In comparison, species that are tall trees, have large seeds and are gravity-dispersed decreased in the plantations. Multi-trait analysis showed that propagule size was the trait that could best explain the difference in the distribution of broad-leaf species in the plantations. Based on our results, we suggest to policy-makers that plantation sizes be kept to within a few hundred meters wide, and should ideally be within dispersal distance of species from natural forests that could potentially be seed sources of broad-leaf species. Otherwise, steps must be taken to drive succession such that potentially recruitment-limited species may be able to overcome barriers to regeneration.     

盐胁迫对不同倍性金银花光合特性的影响

【目的】研究四倍体和二倍体金银花叶片光合作用对盐胁迫的响应,特别是盐胁迫对PSⅠ和PSⅡ性能以及协调性的影响,比较盐胁迫下叶片光合特性的差异,分析盐胁迫对叶片Na⁺、Cl^-和丙二醛含量以及叶片生物量的影响,揭示不同倍性金银花耐盐胁迫的能力,为盐碱地栽培品种的选择提供参考。【方法】选用四倍体和二倍体金银花为试验材料,采用叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光反射曲线同步测定技术,结合气体交换参数,研究中度（150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）和重度（300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）盐胁迫对四倍体和二倍体金银花叶片光合作用和光合机构的影响。金银花植株定植于装有石英砂的塑料盆中,Hoagland营养液培养。营养液中加入NaCl用于盐处理,每天递增50 mmol·L^-1到达处理浓度（150和300 mmol·L^-1）,处理持续15 d。以不加入NaCl的营养液培养对照植株。盐处理过程中选取枝条中部全展的叶片用于指标测定。【结果】中度盐胁迫下,四倍体和二倍体金银花叶片光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度显著降低,但四倍体下降幅度小于二倍体,说明中度盐胁迫下光合速率的降低是由气孔限制引起的,四倍体叶片光合作用受气孔限制程度较小。重度盐胁迫下,四倍体和二倍体金银花叶片光合速率也显著降低,但四倍体下降幅度小于二倍体,能维持较高的光合活性。重度盐胁迫7 d后,二倍体金银花叶片Rubisco酶的活化状态和羧化效率显著降低,诱发PSⅡ光抑制,降低向PSⅠ电子传递的量子产额。因此,PSⅠ的还原受到抑制,820 nm光反射曲线应该显示PSⅠ氧化幅度增加。但结果相反,PSⅠ氧化幅度却显著降低。重度盐胁迫下,二倍体金银花叶片PSⅠ也发生了光抑制,不能有效推动电子向PSⅠ受体侧传递,抑制了PSⅠ的氧化,而PSⅠ光抑制程度高于PSⅡ,导致PSⅠ氧化幅度显著降低,破坏了PSⅡ与PSⅠ的协调性。重度盐胁迫15 d后,四倍体金银花叶片Rubisco酶活化状态和羧化效率显著下降,但下降幅度小于二倍体金银花,PSⅡ和PSⅠ的性能未受显著影响,维持了PSⅡ和PSⅠ的协调性。因此,相对于二倍体,四倍体金银花叶片在重度盐胁迫下也具有较高的光合活性。盐胁迫15 d后,二倍体金银花叶片Na⁺、Cl^-和丙二醛含量显著增加,整株叶片干重显著降低,其变化幅度大于四倍体金银花,说明四倍体金银花受离子毒害的影响较轻,这可能是其在盐胁迫下维持较高光合性能的原因。【结论】盐胁迫下,四倍体金银花叶片能维持较高的气孔导度和Rubisco酶的活化状态,保持了PSⅡ和PSⅠ的协调性,因而具有较高的光合活性,能够积累较多的生物量。因此,四倍体金银花耐盐胁迫的能力强于二倍体,更适于盐碱地栽培。     

水分胁迫对大丽花光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响

以大丽花品种‘粉西施’盆栽扦插苗为试材,研究了不同程度水分胁迫及复水对大丽花品种粉西施叶片光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响。结果表明：随着水分胁迫程度的加深和胁迫时间的延长,大丽花叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先下降后上升,气孔限制值Ls先升高后下降。轻度和中度水分胁迫下,气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因;重度水分胁迫下,非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因。重度胁迫更早对大丽花叶片造成伤害,重度胁迫下复水后光合指标难以恢复。     

Pollen transfer from invasive Carpobrotus spp. to natives - A study of pollinator behaviour and reproduction success

The influence of invasive plant species on native community composition is well-documented, but less is known about underlying mechanisms. Especially scarce is knowledge about effects on biotic interactions such as relationships between native plants and their pollinators. In this study we investigate if pollen transfer from the invasive and highly pollen productive Carpobrotus spp. affects seed production and/or seed quality in three native species. We monitored pollinator movements and pollen loads on pollinators and native stigmas, and in a field pollination experiment we investigated the effect of invasive pollen on reproduction. Invasive pollen adhered to pollinators, pollinators switched from Carpobrotus spp. to natives, invasive pollen was transferred to native stigmas, and it affected seed production in one species. Although all possible steps for interference with seed production were found to be qualitatively taken, invasive pollen has probably little impact on the native community because the frequency of invasive pollen transfer to natives was low. However, pollination interactions may change with plant abundance and our study provides evidence that pollen transfer from Carpobrotus spp. to natives does occur and have the potential to affect seed production. We found the species identity of shared pollinators to be of importance, higher flower constancy and lower capacity of pollen adherence are likely to result in less invasive pollen transfer.