绿盲蝽对七种锦葵科植物挥发物的EAG和趋向行为反应

研究绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)对锦葵科植物挥发物的EAG和趋向行为反应,为研发绿盲蝽引诱剂或驱避剂策略提供科学依据。田间采用动态顶空采样方法收集了7种锦葵科植物的挥发物,通过室内气相-质谱联用系统(GC-MS)进行物质鉴定及定量分析,最终测定了雌、雄绿盲蝽成虫对11种候选特征挥发物的触角电位(EAG)反应和嗅觉趋向选择行为。结果表明,7种锦葵科植物的挥发物种类和含量有较大差异,而且4种棉花品种之间的挥发物差异也很显著。棉花石远321的挥发物总量最大,其中4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯(DMNT)含量最高,壬醛和罗勒烯其次。蜀葵的挥发物种类和含量均最少。11种候选特征挥发物均能够引起绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫EAG反应,且雄性成虫的反应值大都高于雌性成虫。其中,绿盲蝽雌、雄成虫触角对反-2-己烯酸丁酯EAG反应值最大,芳樟醇、乙酸叶醇酯、甲基庚烯酮及DMNT也能够激发绿盲蝽较大的EAG反应。在趋向行为检测中发现,DMNT及柠檬烯等对雄性成虫具有吸引作用。对雌性成虫有吸引作用的物质有γ-萜品烯、DMNT、月桂烯、α-石竹烯、罗勒烯及乙酸叶醇酯等,其中γ-萜品烯和乙酸叶醇酯对雌性成虫具有极显著吸引效果。锦葵科候选植物挥发物对绿盲蝽雌、雄虫具有不同EAG和趋向行为反应影响,候选气味化合物可以作为设计绿盲蝽引诱剂组分进行害虫防控田间实践。     

枣镰翅小卷蛾对枣树挥发物的行为反应

【目的】研究木枣枝条和不同处理枣吊的挥发性组分和含量,分析枣镰翅小卷蛾对不同处理枣吊的行为反应,为生产上应用植物源引诱剂防治枣镰翅小卷蛾提供理论依据。【方法】利用固相微萃取技术（SPME）和GC-MS,分析木枣枝条和不同处理枣吊的挥发物成分,利用触角电位技术(EAG)和Y-嗅觉仪,测定枣镰翅小卷蛾的电生理及行为反应。【结果】木枣枝条的挥发物成分有9种,主要挥发性组分为萜类和酯类化合物;木枣不同处理枣吊共有的挥发物成分有17种,多为萜类、酯类和醇类化合物。健康枣吊、人工机械损伤枣吊和虫害枣吊相比,三者在挥发性组分组成及比例上均存在差异,并且在遭受虫害后,木枣枣吊可释放出虫害诱导型挥发物乙酸-4-己烯-1-醇酯。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣的触角电位(EAG)反应表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对枝条有强烈的刺激反应,且雌虫的反应值显著或极显著高于雄虫。行为测试结果显示,当木枣枣吊受到机械损伤后,其对枣镰翅小卷蛾的趋向选择产生了驱避行为,而健康和虫害枣吊则具有明显的吸引作用。【结论】木枣不同部位释放的挥发物成分并不相同,在健康和虫害枣吊所释放的挥发物成分中,含有对枣镰翅小卷蛾起引诱作用的成分。     

核桃植株挥发性气体化学成分分析

对植物活体采用动态顶空套袋采集法以及热脱附、GC-MS等措施,成功地采集和分析了核桃在自然状态下的气体挥发物成分,共确定出47种化合物,占总检出量的98.6%,其中主要成分(依据相对含量)为萜烯类(79.23%)、烃类(8.85%)、和酯(7.47%)类化合物。其中主要成分中包括了柠檬烯这种具有化感潜力的物质,因此核桃气体挥发物也具有化感作用潜力。     

花香挥发物的主要成分及其影响因素

花的芳香来源于植物体内合成并释放到空气中的多种挥发性香气成分。这些成分不仅是植物诱引昆虫授粉,防御食草动物侵害以及参与体内各种次生代谢的重要物质,而且也会通过人的嗅觉系统给人们带来美的享受。综述了近年来国内外对植物花香挥发成分的鉴定及影响因素等方面的研究进展;分析了花香挥发物主要由烷烃类、烯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、醚类、酯类及芳香族化合物等组成,按照生物合成途径这些香气化合物又可分为萜烯类、苯丙酸类/苯环型化合物和脂肪族化合物等三大类。花香挥发物的形成与植物基因型、发育阶段、激素以及温光等环境条件等有关。     

蜡梅花离体摊放过程中香气感官评价和挥发性物质分析

蜡梅花是重要的天然花香原料。采用顶空—固相微萃取和气相色谱—质谱联用技术(HS–SPME–GC–MS)结合感官审评,分析了采摘后蜡梅花摊放过程中挥发性物质的变化规律。结果表明,离体蜡梅花在摊放过程中开放状态变化不明显,花枝经清水培养,花苞到全开状态历经32h左右。全开状态蜡梅花的挥发性物质种类随摊放时间的延长呈先增加后降低的趋势,摊放12h最多,此时出现了酮类、醛类和酚类;大部分挥发性物质相对含量在摊放20 h后降低。主要挥发性物质乙酸苄酯在摊放12 h达峰值,较0 h增加35.04%;4–乙基苄醇和α–罗勒烯呈现先增加后降低的趋势;α–罗勒烯在摊放4 h后急剧增加,20 h达最大值;芳樟醇、别罗勒烯和2,6–二甲基–2,4,6–辛三烯在摊放24 h内呈降低趋势,分别较0 h下降了18.32%、78.92%和41.19%。结合感官审评与GC–MS分析结果可知,全开状态的蜡梅花采摘后离体摊放20 h内能较好地保持花香的鲜灵度和浓郁度,且在12～20 h之间挥发性物质种类丰富,具花果香的挥发性物质相对含量较高。研究结果可为蜡梅花作为天然花香原料的更有效利用提供理论参考。     

玫瑰鲜花抑菌能力的品种差异及动态变化研究

研究了"紫芙蓉"、"赛西子"、"西子"、"紫枝玫瑰"、"朱龙游空"5个玫瑰品种的鲜花瓣挥发物对空气中细菌、真菌的抑制作用。结果表明:5个玫瑰品种对细菌、真菌存在不同程度的抑制作用,总抑菌率在品种之间存在极显著性差异(F=8.615,P=0.0001),在初花期、盛花期和末花期之间也存在极显著性差异(F=5.871,P=0.0071)。在5个品种中,"紫枝玫瑰"抑菌效果较好,且在3个开花时期表现较稳定;所测定的5个玫瑰品种的细菌抑菌率存在极显著差异(F=13.405,P=0.0001),其中"紫枝玫瑰"、"西子"、"紫芙蓉"在3个开花时期对细菌均有较好的抑菌效果,且3个开花时期间差异极显著(F=6.512,P=0.0045);但各品种间真菌抑菌率差异不显著,且3个开花时期间差异也不显著;在盛花期"紫枝玫瑰"、"朱龙游空"、"紫芙蓉"对细菌抑制效果最好,"紫枝玫瑰"、"赛西子"则对真菌有最好的抑制作用。     

2种肤小蠹对几种针叶树挥发物的行为反应研究

以柏肤小蠹和微肤小蠹为研究对象,在分析寄主侧柏挥发物的基础上,就其对几种备选针叶树挥发物的行为进行生测试验。GC-MS分析到侧柏挥发物中大约15种成分,以α-蒎烯、Δ-3-蒈烯、桧萜、羽毛柏烯等为主。野外行为生测中,松节油+乙醇和诱芯H2种处理对柏肤小蠹有显著的行为引诱活性,而同域分布的微肤小蠹对高释放速率的(95%-/5%+)-α-蒎烯产生强烈的趋性反应。     

Non-Host Volatiles Disrupt the Response of the Stenographer Bark Beetle, Ips sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to Pheromone-Baited traps and Maritime Pine Logs

Non-host volatiles (NHV) were tested on antennae of Ips sexdentatus with coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Significant antennal responses were found to aggregation pheromone components, ipsdienol and amitinol, an attraction inhibitor, verbenone, and non-host bark volatiles extracted from Betula pendula, including trans-conophthorin (tC) and alcohols. The tC, a blend of three green leaf alcohols (C6-alcohols), and a blend of two bark alcohols (C8-alcohols) were tested in combination for their ability to disrupt the attraction of the stenographer bark beetle to pheromone-baited traps, unbaited and pheromone-baited maritime pine logs. The strongest disruptive effect resulted from the addition of the tC combined with the blends of NHV alcohols at high release rate, achieving an 83% reduction in trap catches, 89% reduction of attacks on unbaited pine logs, and 60% on baited logs. It is proposed that the two types of NHV have an additive effect, tC playing a major role in pheromone disruption while the alcohols would interrupt host specific signals. The results suggest that I. sexdentatus uses both bark and green leaf volatiles from non-host tree species in the host selection process. These NHV are promising disruptants, which could be used to prevent stenographer bark beetle attacks on log piles or standing trees in forest. A mixture of conifers and broad-leaved species would also disturb olfactory guided host selection supporting the assumption that more diverse forests are less prone to pest insect outbreaks.     

Potential for Nonhost Volatiles as Repellents in Integrated Pest Management of Ambrosia Beetles

Semiochemical-based mass trapping of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has been the cornerstone of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme for ambrosia beetles on the British Columbia coast since 1981. However, there is no available tactic of protecting logs from attack that could be incorporated into the IPM programme. We tested nonhost volatiles (NHVs) from the bark of angiosperm trees for their ability to disrupt catches of T. lineatum in multiple-funnel traps baited with the aggregation pheromone lineatin. In one set of experiments, a blend of 1-hexanol and benzyl alcohol caused 77.9% and 80.0% reduction in captures of males and females, respectively, and in another a blend of methyl salicylate and salicylaldehyde caused reductions of 65.0% for males and 66.9% for females. All four NHVs combined caused reductions in captures for males and females of 82.3% and 81.4%, respectively, not much greater than to the blend of 1-hexanol and benzyl alcohol. However, because both blends were active alone, their redundancy when combined lends confidence to the selection of the four-component blend for operational testing. Although disruption was increased when a 16-component NHV blend was tested, or when (±)–(E)-conophthorin was added to the four-component blend, addition of more compounds to the four-component blend was not considered operationally or economically justifiable. When deployed from low-density polyethylene tubes stapled along the length of pheromone-baited conifer logs, this blend caused prolonged and significant reductions in landing by T. lineatum and also by Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) and G. retusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). However, attacking beetles generally overcame the NHV treatment by the end of the flight period, leading to similar attack densities on treated and control logs. Therefore, we recommend that further operational investigations explore using repellent NHVs in combination with disruptive visual, tactile or gustatory stimuli.