江苏近年育成粳稻新品种/系的稻瘟病抗性基因及穗颈瘟抗性分析

【目的】明确水稻品种携带的抗稻瘟病基育种应用价值,是利用抗病基因培育抗病品种控制病害流行的重要前期工作。【方法】利用功能标记分析了14个抗稻瘟病基因在江苏近年育成的195个粳稻新品种/系中的分布情况,并对其中158个品种和17份携带抗稻瘟病基因Pigm的高世代回交株系进行穗颈瘟接种鉴定。【结果】大多数品种携带2~5个抗病基因,但所有品种均不含有Pigm基因;Pib、Pita和Pikh基因在供试品种中的分布频率较高,均在45%以上,其余基因均在30%以内;Pid3、Pid2、Pia、Pb1在新育成品种中的出现频率明显高于审定品种。测试品种对穗颈瘟的抗性主要与3个基因显著相关,贡献率由高至低依次为Pia、Pi3/5/i和Pita;其中,Pia或Pi3/5/i与Pita间的聚合效应均显著高于各基因单独存在时的抗病效应,且以Pia和Pita间的聚合效应最强,携带该基因组合的所有品种对穗颈瘟均表现抗至高抗水平抗性。回交导入Pigm基因的所有17份株系对穗颈瘟的抗性均显著高于各自轮回亲本,且均达到了抗病以上水平。【结论】抗病基因Pigm及基因组合“Pia+Pita”在江苏粳稻抗穗颈瘟育种中具有重要的育种应用价值。     

Sargassum horneri as a Functional Food Ameliorated IgE/BSA-Induced Mast Cell Activation and Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Mice

Sargassum horneri (S. horneri), an edible brown alga, has been proposed as a functional food with an improvement effect on abnormal skin immune responses. The present study investigates the anti-allergic effect of an ethanol extract from S. horneri (SHE) on immunoglobulin E (IgE)/bovine serum albumin (BSA)-mediated activation in bone marrow-derived cultured-mast cells (BMCMCs) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in mice. SHE markedly and dose-dependently suppressed the degranulation of BMCMCs by reducing the β-hexosaminidase and histamine release without cytotoxicity. In addition, SHE significantly decreased the FcεRI expression on the surface of BMCMCs and its IgE binding. Moreover, SHE reduced the mRNA expression and the production of allergic cytokines; interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13; interferon (IFN)-γ and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and a chemokine, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), by suppressing the activation of Src-family kinases and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. In further study, the application of SHE reduced the PCA reaction in an IgE/BSA-induced type I allergic mice model. Taken together, we suggest that SHE has an anti-allergic effect in type I allergic responses.     

利用高巧(60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂)防治小豆蚜虫效果研究

[目的]探讨小豆蚜虫防治新技术,比较研究种衣剂拌种的防治效果。[方法]选用高巧(60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂)进行播前拌种试验,采用50 mL水分别加入高巧2、4、6、8 mL拌种1.0kg的处理方法,播种后比较其出苗率及幼苗的发育情况、蚜虫防治效果、小豆百粒重、产量及增产率。[结果]高巧拌种不会影响小豆出苗,可有效防治小豆蚜虫,但防效随时间延长而降低。防效保持在85%以上,可显著提高小豆百粒重和产量。[结论]该技术可在小豆生产中进行推广应用。     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.     

广东省水稻田稗对五氟磺草胺的抗性分析

为明确广东省水稻田杂草稗Echinochloa crus-galli对五氟磺草胺的抗性现状及其可能的抗性机理,采用整株剂量反应法测定不同地区稗种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性水平,对不同稗种群的乙酰乳酸合成酶（acetolactate synthase,ALS）基因片段进行扩增测序,分析细胞色素P450酶（cytochrome P450 monooxygenase,P450）和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione-S-transferase,GST）抑制剂胡椒基丁醚（piperonylbutoxide,PBO）和4-氯-7-硝基-2,1,3-苯并氧杂噁二唑（4-chloro-7-nitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazole,NBD-Cl）对不同稗种群抗性水平的影响,并对替代药剂进行筛选。结果显示,广东省水稻田多数稗种群对五氟磺草胺仍表现敏感,但采自湛江市的1个种群BC-7对五氟磺草胺产生了抗性,抗性倍数达6.5倍。与敏感种群BC-2相比,BC-7种群并未发生已报道的ALS靶标抗性相关突变。PBO和NBD-Cl均可显著提高BC-7种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性,其干重抑制中量GR₅₀由31.1 g/hm²分别降为11.0 g/hm²和24.7 g/hm²。BC-7种群对氰氟草酯和噁唑酰草胺仍较敏感,但对二氯喹啉酸和双草醚产生了抗性。表明P450和GST介导的代谢抗性是稗BC-7种群产生抗性的重要原因,氰氟草酯和噁唑酰草胺适用于治理该抗性种群。     

甜玉米茎秆强度相关性状的数量性状基因座定位

为选育抗倒伏玉米品种,挖掘甜玉米茎秆强度相关性状的数量性状基因座（quantitative trait locus,QTL）,应用复合区间作图法以甜玉米组合T49×T56的F₂为作图群体,通过测定F_2：3家系的茎秆穿刺强度、茎秆抗压强度和茎秆弯折性能3个性状进行相关性状的QTL定位。结果表明,遗传连锁图谱包含153个SSR标记位点,覆盖玉米基因组1 199.1 cM,平均图距7.83 cM。3个性状共检测到10个QTL,其中与茎秆穿刺强度相关的2个QTL位于第3、7染色体上,解释11.81%和22.15%的表型变异,与茎秆抗压强度相关的4个QTL位于第1、3、7染色体上,单个QTL可解释3.68%~33.26%的表型变异,与茎秆弯折性能相关的4个QTL位于第3、6、8染色体上,单个QTL可解释3.55%~18.58%的表型变异。第7染色体检测到1个同时控制茎秆穿刺强度和茎秆抗压强度2个性状的QTL,位于umc1015~umc1987标记区间,分别可解释11.81%和33.26%的表型变异,第3染色体检测到1个同时控制茎秆穿刺强度、茎秆抗压强度、茎秆弯折性能3个性状的QTL,位于umc1400~dupssr23标记区间,分别可解释22.15%、13.27%和18.58%的表型变异。3个茎秆强度性状共同检测到的主效QTL,可在育种实践中用于分子标记辅助选择和抗倒伏玉米品种的选育。     

中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质抗条锈病评价及抗性基因分析

为明确中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质对当前小麦生产上流行的条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritic的抗性水平及其所含抗性基因,利用条锈病菌生理小种条中32（CYR32）和条中34（CYR34）及混合生理小种（致病类群）对来自5个春麦区的196份小麦地方种质进行苗期、成株期抗性鉴定,并通过6个已知条锈病抗性基因Yr9、Yr18、Yr26、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67对其所含重要抗性基因进行分子标记检测。结果显示,在苗期,有11份小麦地方种质对CYR32表现出抗性,有12份对CYR34表现出抗性,分别占供试种质总数的5.61%和6.12%;有6份对CYR32和CYR34均表现出抗性;在成株期,有59份小麦地方种质在5个田间诱导环境下表现出稳定的抗性。有119份小麦地方种质检测到含抗性基因,其中有3份携带Yr9,有50份携带Yr18,有43份携带Yr48,有54份携带Yr65,所有供试种质均未检测到Yr26和Yr67,抗性基因的组合分析发现,共有31份小麦地方种质携带4种抗性基因组合类型Yr9+Yr18、Yr18+Yr48、Yr18+Yr65和Yr48+Yr65。表明来自中国5个春麦区的小麦地方种质条锈病抗性表型呈多样性,且携带目前在小麦抗病育种和生产上有效的条锈病抗性基因（组合）,建议加大对小麦地方种质的保护和应用力度。     

野茼蒿黄脉病毒的田间寄主范围及其基因多样性特征

为明确野茼蒿黄脉病毒(Crassocephalum yellow vein virus,CraYVV)的田间寄主范围及其群体基因结构特征,分别采用克隆和测序技术对采自云南省西双版纳傣族州、红河哈尼族彝族自治州的7种杂草和2种作物进行CraYVV的分离和鉴定,并通过生物信息学软件对分离到的CraYVV进行基因组结构、重组及基因遗传结构分析。结果显示,在赛葵、龙葵、臭牡丹、水茄、豨莶、野茼蒿和一点红7种杂草以及茄子和草莓2种作物中均分离到CraYVV,共获得20条CraYVV全长序列;CraYVV所有分离物分属2个株系,将其命名为YJ株系和JH株系;JH株系具有地理隔离特征,与YJ株系存在一定的遗传距离;重组分析显示,CraYVV是由烟草曲茎病毒(tobacco curly shoot virus,TbCSV)和云南烟草曲叶病毒(tobacco leaf curl Yunnan virus,TbLCYnV)重组产生;遗传结构分析显示,CraYVV中C1基因变异最显著,其次是C4基因和基因间隔区。表明CraYVV能侵染5科9种杂草和作物,具有较广的寄主范围,且菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒能够侵染草莓、CraYVV能够侵染茄子,显示来源于杂草的菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒在自然条件下能够侵染作物。