小城镇河流沉积物无机氮迁移循环研究

通过对河流柱状沉积物在通气下和厌气下进行避光短期静置模拟培养试验，研究了小城镇河流底泥-上覆水体系无机氮的迁移特征。结果表明，沉积物有机质降解对NH4的迁移有很大影响，通气和厌气下NH4的迁移均是向上覆水方向，NO3的迁移均是向沉积物方向，由于通气条件和静水环境引起的沉积物无机氮硝化作用和反硝化作用是影响沉积物一水界面体系氮迁移的最重要因素。     

施肥对热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤氮矿化和硝化作用的影响

采用封顶埋管法(Close-TopIncubation)研究了施肥后西双版纳热带雨林下种植砂仁土壤的氮素净氨化、净硝化和净矿化速率。结果表明,种植砂仁的热带雨林土壤有机氮的净氨化、硝化和矿化速率明显受外来无机氮的影响,施入铵态氮肥后,土壤中的氨化速率明显提高(P<0.01),由对照土壤的-0.66(mg·kg-1·30d-1)增加至施肥处理土壤的1.65(mg·kg-1·30d-1),但硝化速率和矿化速率却显著降低(P<0.01),分别由对照土壤的6.79(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和6.13(mg·kg-1·30d-1)减少至施肥处理土壤的2.60(mg·kg-1·30d-1)和4.25(mg·kg-1·30d-1),导致了土壤中NH4+-N的积累。     

菜园土肥力特征及蔬菜硝酸盐污染的控制技术Ⅵ.硝化抑制剂对土壤和小白菜硝酸盐含量的调控效应

通过田间试验，于2002和2003年在湖南长沙地区的红菜园土和冲积菜园土两种土壤条件下研究了氢醌、双氰胺和硫脲3种硝化抑制剂对土壤和小白菜硝酸盐含量及小白菜产量、养分吸收和其他品质的影响，结果表明，3种硝化抑制剂在试验的各个时期均不同程度地降低了土壤和小白菜硝酸盐含量，其中以双氰胺的效果最好，3种硝化抑制剂均可不同程度地提高小白菜的产量，也以双氰胺的效果最好，且在红菜园土上的增产效果要比冲积菜园土上显著，另外，3种硝化抑制剂还能显著提高小白菜的维生素C和可溶性糖含量，增强对N，P养分的吸收。     

氯化铵对土壤酸碱度和硝化作用的影响

氯化铵对遂宁石灰质紫色土的酸碱度影响不大,而对重庆中性紫色土的酸碱度有明显影响,其pH值比其他几种化肥处理的低0.2左右;供试的几种肥料中,氯化铵处理的土壤硝化作用显著降低。因此,施用氯化铵可减少氮素流失;氯化铵中氯离子在土壤中易于移动,其流失量约为硫酸根离子的2～3倍。     

华北平原几种主要类型土壤的硝化及反硝化活性

取用华北平原5种主要土壤进行实验室培养试验,研究不同类型土壤间硝化反硝化活性的差异。结果表明,培养28h后砂姜黑土、潮土、褐土、盐渍土和风沙土的硝化率分别为7.9%、20.8%、46.4%、22.5%和20.3%;148h后砂姜黑土的硝化率为18.7%,其它4种土壤达98.4%—100%,基本硝化完全;培养268h释放的N2O总量分别为0.04、0.27、0.24、0.41和0.45μgN·g-1土。培养650h的反硝化损失量分别为0.6、0.3、0.08、0.02和0.05μgN·g-1土。可见,不同的土壤中砂姜黑土的硝化作用活性较弱,而反硝化活性较强;潮土、褐土、盐渍土和风沙土的硝化作用活性较强,而反硝化活性相对较弱。土壤的硝化及反硝化作用与土壤质地和pH有关,与硝化和反硝化菌数量无明显相关性。     

氮素形态在土壤中的转化及对烤烟产量的影响

 试验研究了云南省玉溪地区气候、土壤条件下,铵态氮、尿素施入土壤中的转化,使用硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）研究不同形态氮及其比例对烤烟生长的影响,以及施用秸秆、油饼对烤烟生长的影响。结果表明,施入土壤中的铵态氮、尿素其水解和硝化过程约在施肥后的1个月内完成,土壤中硝态氮含量随时间逐渐下降,1个月后土壤中铵态氮、硝态氨含量都降至痕量水平;硝化抑制剂对铵态氮硝化有显著的抑制效果;铵态氮、硝态氮对烤烟产量没有影响,秸秆、油饼则显著降低烤烟产量。     

几丁质合成抑制剂类杀虫剂的发展和应用

本文重点介绍了苯酰基脲类、噻嗪酮这两类几丁质合成抑制剂类杀虫剂的发展概况和应用的有关杀虫特性及其目前在防治几类农作物害虫方面的应用情况,分析了其在应用方面的主要问题,并对其前景进行了讨论。     

The Effects of Different Fertilizing Methods on Nitrification and Denitrification in Black Soil in Songnen Plain

The paper compared the effects of application of farm manure with chemical fertilizers on nitrification and denitrification in black soil, the result showed that the numbers of nitrobacterias and denitrobacterias in farm manure treatment were both higher than that of other treatments. The intensity of denitrification in chemical treatment was higher than that of manure treatment. The content of organic matter in soil was correlated with the intensity of nitrification and denitrification, and the coefficients were resnectively 0.9981 and 0.8693.     

Linking plant identity and interspecific competition to soil nitrogen cycling through ammonia oxidizer communities

Both plants and microbes influence soil nutrient cycling. However, the links between plants, microbes and nutrient cycling are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how plant identity and interspecific competition influence soil nitrogen cycling and attempted to link plant identity and interspecific competition to community structures of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP) of bacterial and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. Faba bean and maize monocultures and a faba bean/maize mixture were planted with two nitrogen levels (0 and 100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil as urea). Soil mineral nitrogen, ammonia oxidizer function (potential nitrification activity, PNA) and community structures were measured 28 and 54 days after plant emergence. Faba bean and maize substantially differed in their influences on mineral nitrogen concentrations and PNA in rhizosphere soils. Soil mineral nitrogen and PNA in the rhizosphere soils of the faba bean/maize mixture were closer to those of the maize monoculture than to those of the faba bean monoculture. T-RFLP with restriction enzymes BsaJI and Hpy8I distinguished variations in bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers community structure, respectively, and detected both between-cluster and within-cluster variations in bacterial ammonia oxidizers. T-RFLP data showed that nitrogen addition favored part of a Nitrosospira cluster 3b sequence type and suppressed part of a cluster Nitrosospira 3a sequence type of bacterial ammonia oxidizers, while it had no influence on the archaeal ammonia oxidizer community structure. Although multivariate analysis showed that the function and community structure of bacterial ammonia oxidizers were significantly correlated, plant species and interspecific competition did not significantly change the community structure of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers. These results indicate that plant species and interspecific competition regulate soil nitrogen cycling via a mechanism of other than alteration in the community structure of ammonia oxidizers as investigated by DNA based methods.