不同水分条件下土壤N2O排放的动力学方程模拟

[目的]水分对土壤N₂O排放有重要影响。运用混合动力学方程模拟不同水分条件下土壤N₂O累积排放的过程,分析土壤水分对N₂O产生途径的影响及其变化规律,为通过改善土壤管理降低N₂O气体排放提供理论和实践指导。[方法]通过室内培养试验,研究了不同水分条件[40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC,100%WHC和淹水处理,WHC(田间持水量)]下土壤N₂O排放特征、硝铵态氮含量和氧气消耗动态变化。[结果](1)N₂O排放速率24 h时达到最大,淹水处理[3.46μg/(kg·h)]是其他处理的54.5～178.9倍。(2)土壤N₂O累积排放量均随着培养时间的延长而增加,淹水处理的快速上升阶段为前48 h,而其他处理为前96 h。培养结束时的土壤N₂O累积排放量,淹水处理(44.6μg/kg)分别是40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC和100%WHC的67.1,29.2,20.8,10.4倍。(3)除淹水条件下,伪...     

不同氮肥抑制剂对小麦产量、土壤肥力、氮肥利用率的影响

为减少氮肥施用量,提高氮肥利用效率。添加氮素抑制剂是提高小麦氮肥利用率的有效途径之一。采用大田试验,在减氮10%的条件下,添加脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、氢醌(HQ)和硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)、双氰胺(DCD)对小麦产量、土壤肥料、植株氮磷钾含量的影响。结果表明：与100%尿素对照相比,DCD、DMPP、NBPT和HQ氮肥抑制剂均增加了小麦产量和氮肥利用率,其中DMPP处理的小麦产量达到了显著水平(P<0.05),且均增加了土壤pH,降低了土壤有效磷含量,对土壤有机质和速效钾影响不大,其中硝化抑制剂DCD、DMPP增加了土壤碱解氮含量,脲酶抑制剂NBPT和HQ降低了土壤碱解氮含量,DMPP和HQ增加了小麦植株氮、磷含量,DCD和NBPT降低了小麦植株氮、磷含量,4个氮肥抑制剂均降低了小麦植株钾含量。总之,DMPP和HQ的减肥增效效果最理想,能够有效增加小麦产量,促进小麦对氮素的吸收利用,提高氮素利用效率,缓解土壤酸化。     

A comparative molecular field analysis study of obtusifoliol 14α-methyl demethylase inhibitors

This report describes the development of a Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) model from a set of obtusifoliol 14α-methyl demethylase (DM) inhibitors to aid in the design of herbicides targeting sterol biosynthesis. CoMFA is a three-dimensional (3-D) quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) method that is useful in the probing of receptor binding sites when experimental structure data are unavailable. Conformational analysis and SAR of some rigid and active analogs were used to build the initial model using the active analog hypothesis. The model was subsequently used to design compounds that retain the active site shape requirements, but incorporate physical properties that favor soil-applied herbicidal action. In addition, a second-generation CoMFA model incorporating the newly designed inhibitors was developed and represents the current understanding of the DM binding site. This model was derived from a pharmacophore developed from two methods, the active analog approach as well as from the Catalyst program. The fact that two independent methods produced a similar pharmacophore strengthens the validity of the model. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响

为探讨生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究生化抑制剂组合[N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(NPPT)和2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP)]与施肥模式(一次性和分次施肥)互作对黄泥田稻季氨(NH3)挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失主要集中于施肥后1周,峰值发生在第1~3 d。生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失量的效应显著。尿素分次施用处理稻季NH3挥发净损失率较一次性施用处理显著降低24.6%。不同施肥模式下,硝化抑制剂CP处理显著提高田面水NH+4-N峰值和NH3挥发速率峰值,增加稻田NH3挥发损失量;脲酶抑制剂NBPT/NPPT或配施CP处理明显延缓尿素水解,降低NH3挥发速率峰值,减少稻田NH3挥发损失量。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的稻田NH3挥发动态变化与NBPT相似。相关性分析表明,稻田NH3挥发速率与田面水NH+4-N浓度和pH值呈显著正相关,而与气温、土温和土壤相对湿度无显著相关性。总之,生化抑制剂组合与适宜的运筹相结合更能有效减少黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失。     

Characterization of vegetable nitrogen uptake and soil nitrogen transformation in response to continuous molybdenum application

Molybdenum (Mo), a plant micronutrient, is involved in nitrogen (N) cycling of global ecosystem, but little is known about its effect on soil N transformation especially the key processes nitrification and denitrification. A long‐term field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of continuous sufficient soil available Mo on vegetable N uptake and soil N transformation. The experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CK), Mo deficiency (NPK), and Mo application (NPK+Mo). The results show that (1) after a 7‐year‐experiment, continuous Mo application significantly increased soil available Mo content. (2) Compared to the NPK treatment, NPK+Mo treatment showed an increase of 11, 18, and 8% in the cumulative crop yield, plant N uptake, and N fertilizer use efficiency. (3) With continuous Mo application, the soil , , microbial biomass N, and total N contents were reduced by 14, 29, 40, and 12%, the soil nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) activities were reduced by 14 and 8%, as well as the potential denitrification activity (PDA) and gross nitrification rate (GNR) were decreased by 64 and 80%, respectively. Additionally, continuous Mo application decreased the abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and increased the abundance of narG‐containing denitrifiers (narG) and nirK‐type nitrite reducers (nirK) significantly. The data suggest that a deficiency in soil available Mo may induce the risk of soil N accumulation and environmental N emission in vegetable soil, whereas continuous Mo application could mitigate this risk by increasing crop yield and N uptake and, by decreasing soil N residues, soil nitrification and denitrification.     

添加玉米秸秆及其生物质炭对砖红壤N2O排放的影响

为比较秸秆和生物质炭对土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响,利用室内培养试验研究生物质炭、秸秆添加对土壤性质、硝化作用及N_2O排放的影响。试验设生物质炭、秸秆和空白3个处理,试验培养条件为30℃和75%田间持水量。结果表明,添加秸秆和生物质炭显著提高土壤pH、有机碳和速效K含量,其中秸秆对土壤pH的增加作用更为突出。与对照(1 604.82±168.93μgN_2O-N·kg~(-1))相比,添加秸秆和生物质炭减少N_2O排放量分别为58.0%和65.6%,但二者减排机理不同;秸秆对N_2O的减排因生物的氮固定,降低了硝化反应底物的有效性,生物质炭对N_2O减排可能源于硝化过程中较低的N_2O产生比例。由于生物质炭显著促进土壤硝化速率,而产生较多的NO_3~-,使得热带地区砖红壤硝态氮的淋失风险增大。     

苯甲酰胺类磷酸二酯酶-4抑制剂的设计与合成

目的 合成6个苯甲酰胺类磷酸二酯酶-4抑制剂。方法 以异香兰素为原料,经过成醚反应、氧化反应、Schotten-Baumann反应等制备目标化合物。结果 成功制备了6个目标化合物：Benzoic acid,4-[[3-（isobutoxy）-4-methoxybenzoyl]amino]（T1）,Benzamide,4-[[3-（isobutoxy）-4-methoxybenzoyl]amino]（T2）,Benzamide,4-（isobutoxy）-3-methoxy-N-[4-[[（1-methylethyl）amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]（T3）,Benzoicacid,4-[[3-（cyclopentyloxy）-4-methoxybenzoyl]amino]（T4）,Benzamide,4-[[3-（cyclopentyloxy）-4-methoxybenzoyl]amino]（T5）,Benzamide,4-（cyclopentyloxy）-3-methoxy-N-[4-[[（1-methylethyl）amino]sulfonyl]phenyl]（T6）,收率分别为66.7%、65.7%、18.4%、46.7%、76.8%和12.4%,其中化合物T1、T2、T3、T5、T6为新化合物。结论 所得产物的化学结构经¹H-NMR、MS谱确证,与目标化合物相符。     

杧果乙烯抑制剂的筛选及其采后保鲜效果研究

比较研究不同浓度乙烯抑制剂AOA(aminooxyacetic acid)、AIB(α-amino-isobutyric acid)、AVG (Aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloride)、ATA(3-amino-1,2,4-triazole)、1-MCP(1-methylcyclopropene)、精胺、亚精胺对采后杧果(Mangifera indica L．)乙烯释放的抑制效果,以期筛出最佳乙烯抑制剂并探究其对杧果的贮藏保鲜效果。结果表明：不同浓度乙烯抑制剂处理杧果,均可降低杧果果实乙烯释放量,其中1 mmol/L精胺、10 mmol/L亚精胺和50 mmol/L ATA可有效延缓硬度、可滴定酸(Titratable acid, TA)下降,维持较高VC(Vitamin C)和TSS(Total soluble solids)含量。综合分析,精胺、亚精胺、ATA处理可有效延缓采后杧果果实软化,为采后杧果贮藏保鲜提供技术支持。     

无机改良剂对皖南植烟红壤氮矿化的影响

以皖南植烟旱地红壤为研究对象,通过模拟试验分析了无机改良剂(T20、G20、硅藻土)对土壤氮矿化及硝化作用的影响。试验采用室内恒温间歇淋洗好气培养法(Stanford法),研究无机改良剂添加量处理(1%,2%,5%和10%)对皖南植烟红壤氮矿化的影响。结果表明,3种改良剂均可提高土壤淋洗液pH,pH增加幅度与改良剂添加量显著相关,T20、G20与硅藻土的土壤淋洗液pH增加幅度最大可提高0.30,0.50,0.43个单位;利用一级动力学方程N_t=N_0(1-e~(-kt))拟合土壤氮矿化过程,不同处理的相关系数R~2为0.970 9~0.998 0,相关性均达到极显著水平;39个供试土壤样品的有机氮矿化势N0为14.86~177.1mg/kg,平均50.53mg/kg。不同处理的N0均与改良剂添加量显著正相关,对照N0为14.86mg/kg,添加10%硅藻土、T20与G20处理的N0分别为104.1,177.1,26.01 mg/kg,是对照处理的7,11.9,1.75倍。39个土壤样品的供氮指数N0×k为0.66~6.39mg/(kg·d),平均为2.19mg/(kg·d);添加1%,2%的硅藻土处理及添加1%,5%,10%的G20处理的综合指数N0×k均显著高于对照处理。不同处理的土壤硝化累积量随时间变化符合Logistic的"S"形生长曲线,其决定系数R2为0.953 3~0.996 2,达到极显著水平。硅藻土、G20与T20处理的最大氮矿化促进率分别可达27.46%,94.76%,0.63%,而最大硝化促进率分别可达82.83%,136.4%,40.44%;氮矿化促进作用与无机改良剂添加量呈显著正相关。通过对3种改良剂的氮矿化与硝化作用比较,G20较硅藻土与T20在促进氮矿化与硝化方面具有比较优势。可见,合理增加无机改良剂,可以促进土壤有机氮的矿化以及硝化作用的进行,增强皖南旱地植烟土壤氮素的有效利用。     

变速流操作调控循环水养殖系统水质效果研究

为了避免循环水养殖排氨高峰期氨氮和亚硝酸盐积累对养殖动物的毒害,提高生产效率,降低成本,提出了一种循环水养殖系统变速流调控技术。实验分别研究了罗非鱼群排氨规律、生物滤池硝化能力与流量关系以及循环率对循环系统水质的影响,设计了变速流参数并进行验证。研究结果表明,罗非鱼群摄食后12 h内4~8 h达到最大排氨速率(0.21~0.23 g/h),其他时间排氨速率为0.08~0.09 g/h;生物滤池的硝化速率基本不受流量的影响,但流量越高出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐质量浓度越低,并且最大氨氧化速率(7.72 g/(m3·h))高于最大亚硝酸盐氧化速率(7.21 g/(m3·h));在实验循环水系统中,375 L/h循环流量下氨氮和亚硝酸盐质量浓度高于750 L/h循环流量下质量浓度,且12 h内峰值超过限制质量浓度。根据以上结果设计的4~8 h内增加循环流量的变速流操作将高峰期氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度分别降至2.03~2.24 mg/L和0.56~0.62 mg/L,低于罗非鱼限制质量浓度,并且变速流易于实现,在提高养殖水质的同时降低成本,为水质调控和低成本循环水养殖技术提供了参考。