Effect of chlorimuron-ethyl on Bradyrhizobium japonicum and its symbiosis with soybean

Possible side-effects of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner & Jordan) in pure culture and on inoculated soybean plants growing under controlled conditions were investigated. Growth of B japonicum strain E109 was not affected by this herbicide even when exposed to concentrations 150 times higher than recommended field doses. However, nodulation of soybean plants treated 5 days after emergence with chlorimuron-ethyl at standard application rates was impaired: a 38% decrease in the number of nodules per plant was observed four weeks after treatment. Despite nodule number decrease, no changes in shoot nitrogen content could be detected. Total fresh biomass was diminished by 25% in herbicide-treated plants. Leghemoglobin content in nodules did not vary; nevertheless total nodule protein was diminished by 40% in the herbicide-treated group. ALS activity in different soybean tissues and their relative sensitivity to chlorimuron-ethyl were also investigated. Roots and bacteroids had the greatest specific ALS activities. On a fresh weight basis, the bacteroid fraction displayed the highest ALS activity and was also the most tolerant to in vitro chlorimuron addition: 72% of its activity was retained after including 10 microM chlorimuron-ethyl in the reaction mixture. These results indicate that standard application rates of chlorimuron-ethyl will have limited incidence on B japonicum survival, and effects on nodulation may have little long-term consequences on soybean nitrogen fixation potential. The differences found among soybean tissues not only in intrinsic ALS activity but also in their relative sensitivity to this herbicide suggests that, in leguminous plants living in symbiosis with rhizobia, nodules may contribute to an enhanced tolerance to ALS inhibitors.     

Re-examination of inhibitor resistance conferred by Qo-site mutations in cytochrome b using yeast as a model system

Cytochrome b from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyer ex Hansen) provides a convenient model system for the study of Qo-site inhibitor (QoI) resistance mutations from a variety of organisms. QoI resistance mutations from fungal plant pathogens (G143A and F129L), malaria agent Plasmodium sp (Y279C/S), and Pneumocystis carinii (L275F), an opportunistic pathogenic fungus of man, were introduced into yeast cytochrome b and their effect on the binding of a variety of natural (myxothiazol and stigmatellin) and synthetic (atovaquone, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) inhibitors to the bc1 complex monitored. L275S (from a myxothiazol-resistant yeast) was also re-examined. Stigmatellin binding was relatively unaffected by the introduction of these mutations. Significant increases in resistance were observed for the strobilurin-class inhibitors myxothiazol, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, with the largest increase in resistance conferred by G143A. In contrast, atovaquone binding was most effected by Y279C/S and L275S. Notably, F129L, G143A and L275S had a minor effect on bc1 activity, and so are unlikely to confer significant fitness penalties in vivo. These data are discussed in the light of the atomic structures for myxothiazol- and azoxystrobin-inhibited bovine bc1 which have recently become available. We propose that QoI resistance due to G143A arises from steric hindrance between the inhibitor and cytochrome b, whereas the mechanism of resistance for the other mutations is due to an increase in binding energy between the protein and inhibitor molecule. Site-directed mutagenesis was also used to model selected regions of the mammalian Qo site in yeast cytochrome b in order to further understand the differential efficacy of these QoI in the mammalian and pathogen bc1 complexes.     

Genetic analysis and molecular characterisation of laboratory and field mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) resistant to QoI fungicides

BACKGROUND: QoI fungicides, inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration, are considered to be at high risk of resistance development. In several phytopathogenic fungi, resistance is caused by mutations (most frequently G143A) in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene. The genetic and molecular basis of QoI resistance were investigated in laboratory and field mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetz. exhibiting in vitro reduced sensitivity to trifloxystrobin. RESULTS: B. fuckeliana mutants highly resistant to trifloxystrobin were obtained in the laboratory by spontaneous mutations in wild‐type strains, or from naturally infected plants on a medium amended with 1–3 mg L^?1 trifloxystrobin and 2 mM salicylhydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of alternative oxidase. No point mutations were detected, either in the complete nucleotide sequences of the cytb gene or in those of the aox and Rieske protein genes of laboratory mutants, whereas all field mutants carried the G143A mutation in the mitochondrial cytb gene. QoI resistance was always maternally inherited in ascospore progeny of sexual crosses of field mutants with sensitive reference strains. CONCLUSIONS: The G143A mutation in cytb gene is confirmed to be responsible for field resistance to QoIs in B. fuckeliana. Maternal inheritance of resistance to QoIs in progeny of sexual crosses confirmed that it is caused by extranuclear genetic determinants. In laboratory mutants the heteroplasmic state of mutated mitochondria could likely hamper the G143A detection, otherwise other gene(s) underlying different mechanisms of resistance could be involved. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同类型添加材料在新型肥料生产中的应用

就目前新型肥料研制过程中所选用的添加材料或包膜材料进行了归类划分,并对高表面活性矿物、高分子聚合物、抑制剂等材料的化学性质、与肥料养分离子相互作用机理等进行了分析和阐述。分析了不同材料对肥料的溶出速率或释放速率的影响,从提高营养元素有效性和生态环境建设方面讨论了这些材料的应用前景。     

Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Practices to Improve Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Minimize Leaching Losses

Summary

Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient for plant growth and production. Nitrogen uptake efficiency is dependent on a number of factors. Water management influences the transformation of N sources applied to the soil and transport of the nitrate form of N in the soil. Nitrate-N is the final product of N transformations and is quite mobile in soils with the water front. Leaching of nitrate below the rootzone is an economic loss and contributes to non-point source pollution of groundwater. In this chapter we summarize the factors influencing the N uptake efficiencies for various crops and production systems, and chemical and biological processes that influence the N transformation or losses. Recent advances leading to development of N and irrigation best management practices that support sustainable crop production and net returns while minimizing the non-point source nitrate pollution of ground-water are also discussed.     

鸡粪好氧发酵氮转化与相应细菌数量变化规律的研究

为明确鸡粪好氧发酵过程各类氮转化细菌变化及其与氮素转化间的关系,本研究全程测定了氨化、异养亚硝化、异养硝化和好氧反硝化4类细菌数量、有机态氮、氨态氮、硝态氮等含量变化。结果证明,该过程各类氮转化细菌以中温菌居多,最适生长温度35℃。其中,升温段35℃之后,菌数随温度上升而下降;降温段35℃之前,菌数随温度下降而上升。研究的各类氮转化细菌中,氨化细菌最耐热,是高温期发挥作用的主要类群。发酵全程各类氮转化菌数与相应氮素转化量的关系为:升温段,氨化细菌、亚硝化和硝化菌数增加时,氨态氮和硝态氮的增幅较快;此3类菌数降低时,氨态氮和硝态氮的增幅较缓;降温段,氨化细菌数量与氨态氮含量变化之间无相关表现;发酵全程硝态氮含量变化与亚硝化、硝化细菌数量变化呈正偏相关,与反硝化细菌数量变化呈负偏相关。     

长期施肥对黑土氮素矿化与硝化作用特征的影响

采用培养试验研究了长期施肥对黑土矿化与硝化作用特征的影响。结果表明,黑土的矿化作用和硝化作用都较强,长期施肥对黑土矿质态氮量有显著影响,施用化肥能够增加矿质态氮量,在施用NPK肥基础上增施有机肥,矿质态氮量进一步增加,表明在土壤管理上如果增加有机肥的施用,可以提高土壤的供氮能力。长期施肥黑土的硝化率与施N肥相关性较好,其次是施用PK肥。有机肥与无机肥配施可使土壤硝化率显著提高;硝化率高低取决于黑土可矿化态氮素含量和土壤pH。     

寄生原虫嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶研究进展

寄生原虫是一类单细胞寄生性原虫,包括利什曼原虫（Leishmania spp.）、锥虫（Trypanosoma spp.）、疟原虫（Plasmodium spp.）、刚地弓形虫（Toxoplasma gondii）、隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium spp.）和艾美耳球虫（Eimeria spp.）等,可引起严重危害人类与动物健康以及对养殖业造成巨大经济损失的原虫病。寄生虫入侵宿主后的发育和繁殖需要大量的嘌呤核苷酸,相应的嘌呤碱基在嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶的催化下生成对 应的嘌呤核苷酸。嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶是一类参与嘌呤核苷酸补救合成的重要代谢酶,广泛存在于寄生原虫中。寄生原虫的嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶主要包括腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶和次黄嘌呤 - 鸟嘌呤 - 黄嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶,两者在寄生原虫中分别催化腺嘌呤核苷酸、次黄嘌呤核苷酸、鸟嘌呤核苷酸和黄嘌呤核苷酸合成,从而参与寄生原虫的多个生化代谢过程,不仅为寄生原虫核酸生物合成等提供前体物质,还为虫体提供通用能量载体。由于寄生原虫的嘌呤补救途径明显区别于宿主的从头合成途径,且嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶是寄生原虫嘌呤补救途径的关键酶,因而近年来寄生原虫嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶成为抗原虫药物候选靶标的研究热点,以寄生原虫嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶为潜在靶标,特异性筛选、设计抑制剂,并开发抗寄生原虫药物取得重要进展。以利什曼原虫、锥虫、疟原虫和弓形虫的嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶为重点,综述寄生原虫嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶的基本特征、生物学功能、抑制剂筛选与应用的研究进展,以期为抗寄生原虫药物靶标研究与新型抑制剂筛选提供参考。     

丁香酸对不同品种烟草苗期根系生长的影响

为探究最新发现的植物源生物硝化抑制剂丁香酸对烟草品种K326和云烟85苗期根系生长的影响,通过基质培养试验,设置0、10、25、50、100、200 μmol/L 6个丁香酸浓度,研究了不同浓度丁香酸在不同时间(3 d和5 d)对K326和云烟85主根伸长量和一级侧根发育的影响。结果表明:与对照(0 μmol/L)相比,25～100 μmol/L丁香酸能促进K326主根伸长,在3 d时促进率为13.33%～30.67%,在5 d时促进率降为8.54%～22.55%,最适浓度为50 μmol/L;10～50 μmol/L丁香酸促进云烟85主根伸长,在3 d时促进率为7.81%～18.75%,在5 d时促进率维持在4.10%～10.66%,最佳促进浓度25 μmol/L;丁香酸对两个烟草品种主根伸长的促进效果均为3 d优于5 d。在侧根发育方面,低浓度丁香酸能显著促进K326和云烟85一级侧根数,两个品种促进侧根发育的最适浓度均为25 μmol/L。相关性分析表明,丁香酸处理下两个烟草品种苗期的主根伸长变化率与侧根数变化率呈显著正相关。可见,适宜浓度的丁香酸对两个典型烟草品种苗期主根增长和...