不同草地类型的北方蚁蚁巢及周围土壤理化性质特征分析

为探究北方蚁（Formica aquilonia Yarrow）对蚁巢及周围土壤理化性质的影响,本文以北方蚁蚁巢为研究对象,对蚁巢边缘进行不同距离的划分,探究不同生境、不同距离下土壤理化性质的变化特征。结果表明：草地类型、离巢距离及二者交互作用均对土壤参数有极显著影响（P<0.01）,碱解氮和有效磷主要受离巢距离的影响,其余参数受草地类型的影响更大;不同草地的蚁巢均表现出蚁巢中心pH值显著低于周围土壤（P<0.05）,并与离巢距离呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,其余参数显著高于周围土壤（P<0.05）,并与离巢距离呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;通过拟合曲线,各土壤参数与离巢距离均符合函数模型;综合各土壤参数分析,除离巢距离、有效磷与pH值无相关性外,其余参数间均表现出显著相关（P<0.05）。北方蚁影响蚁巢内外的土壤性质,对周围生态系统具有重要影响,并促进了自然生态系统中物质和能量的循环。     

The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: A review

The breeding densities of many bird-species which nest in tree cavities are in some areas limited by shortage of sites. This is evident from circumstantial evidence in which the numbers of breeding pairs in different areas correlate with the numbers of local nest sites, or where changes in the numbers of nest sites resulting from natural processes or human action are followed by changes in the numbers of pairs. It is also shown experimentally, where nest site provision or removal has been followed by a corresponding change in breeding density.

When nest boxes were provided, they were often occupied in the same year, leading to an immediate rise in breeding density. This implied that surplus birds were available in the vicinity and able to take them up. In future years, pair numbers often increased further but eventually they levelled off. This implied that, at this higher level, other limiting factors came into play. Experiments on nest site provision thus provide examples of different factors acting successively to limit breeding density at different levels.

By constraining breeding density, shortage of nest sites not only prevents some birds from breeding, but must also limit the total numbers of breeders and non-breeders, because no population can increase beyond a certain point, when the production of young is limited. Once all available nest sites are occupied, reproduction is inevitably density-dependent with respect to the total population of breeders and non-breeders.

Because several bird species can use the same type of site, competition is frequent, and the numbers of dominant species can affect the numbers and distribution of others. In extreme situations, a species may be totally absent from areas where all suitable nest sites are occupied by dominant competitors. In less extreme situations, the numbers of a subordinate species may vary from year to year or from place to place in inverse relation to the numbers of a dominant species. Both these situations can be changed by the provision of extra sites.

In managed woods and modern tree plantations, most hole-nesting bird species are excluded or kept at extremely low levels by shortage of nest sites. This is a direct result of forestry practice, which usually entails removal of the old and dying trees that normally provide the sites. The problem can be rectified by allowing a number of old and dead trees to remain in managed forests, or (on a more local scale) by the provision of nest boxes. By appropriate design and positioning of the boxes, the most desired species can be favoured.     

景观格局对牛鹂泛性寄生的长期维持有影响么?(英文)

与大多数巢寄生鸟类不同,一些牛鹂(Molothrus spp.)可以广泛寄生于其分布区内的以及同一群落内的多种宿主;也没有证据表明,同一种群内的寄生个体对宿主物种有专一性。对此,进化滞后假说认为,与其他专性寄生的杜鹃和牛鹂相比,泛性寄生牛鹂是新近才进化的一支;而进化平衡假说则认为,由于寄生牛鹂的"黑手党"效应,宿主识别和拒绝牛鹂寄生卵的代价太大。然而,北美的许多宿主鸟类已进化出特定的反寄生防御行为,这些鸟类几乎都栖息在开阔地带,如草地、灌丛和溪流边。我们认为,北美鸟类生境的景观格局,对长期维持牛鹂的泛性寄生非常重要,同时也很好地解释了为什么北美森林宿主鸟类没有进化出反寄生行为。寄生性的牛鹂需要开阔草地觅食,因而很少见于森林。森林作为"源栖息地"产生的许多宿主,仅由于一些个体的扩散才进入寄生率和捕食风险都较高的片段化森林斑块,即"汇栖息地"。如此,宿主的反寄生行为的进化将非常缓慢,因为大部分个体都来自牛鹂寄生率很低的生境。此外,生境片段化、宿主繁殖扩散和集合种群的动态变化也进一步阻止了宿主反寄生行为的进化。只要北美大片的森林景观依然存在,这种状况就能持续,森林鸟类宿主对牛鹂寄生的反寄生行为就无法快速进化,反过来,牛鹂的泛性寄生也就得以维持。     

早成性专性寄生鸟类黑头鸭的宿主利用模式:生态与进化(英文)

黑头鸭(Heteronetta atricapilla)是鸟类专性巢寄生中唯一的早成性鸟类,其雏鸟孵出后即离开巢,不再需要宿主的哺育。因此可以预期,这一寄生系统与其他的巢寄生鸟类不同,它们应该能利用较多的宿主,繁殖成效也较高。基于在阿根廷4年的研究,我们对黑头鸭的宿主利用模式有了较清晰的认识。在野外我们没有发现黑头鸭自己筑巢的证据,这进一步证实黑头鸭是专性寄生繁殖鸟类。与预期相反的是,黑头鸭仅寄生很少的宿主,包括广泛分布和数量较多的2种骨顶鸡和1种鸥类,其他的宿主很少被利用,要么因为不常见,或因为它们逃避黑头鸭。在这3种主要的宿主中,黑头鸭卵的孵化成功率也由于宿主拒绝或忽略而相当低(≤ 28%),而3种宿主由于捕食而导致的死亡率并不高。这与Weller以往仅1年的观察结果吻合。我们的研究与以往关于黑头鸭巢寄生进化的假说不同,其所利用的宿主种类不多,孵化成功率较低。这表明,古澳大利亚大陆湿地的高捕食压力,以及宿主较强的护巢行为和较高的营巢成功率,在黑头鸭寄生繁殖的进化中扮演着重要角色。     

安氏隐孢子虫ITS-1基因PCR检测方法的建立

[目的]建立针对安氏隐孢子虫的PCR快速检测方法,为安氏隐孢子虫的检测和分子流行病学调查提供技术支撑.[方法]根据GenBank中安氏隐孢子虫的ITS-1基因序列设计1对特异性引物,建立基于ITS-1基因的PCR方法,并通过特异性试验、敏感性试验、临床检测以及与经典巢式PCR检测方法进行比较等,验证其可行性.[结果]基于ITS-1基因的PCR检测方法能扩增出安氏隐孢子虫的特异条带,而对猪源隐孢子虫、贝氏隐孢子虫、微小隐孢子虫、牛泰勒氏虫、牛巴贝斯虫、伊氏锥虫、食道口线虫的扩增结果均为阴性;将测序结果进行BLAST比对,发现其与GenBank中安氏隐孢子虫的同源性均在99%以上.敏感性最低可检测每克牛粪中5个卵囊;用于检测广西不同地区的1613份牛粪样品时,与经典巢式PCR检测方法相比,发现两者的阳性检出率均为11.72%,且吻合率达100%.[结论]安氏隐孢子虫ITS-i基因PCR检测方法具有快速、敏感、特异的特点,适用于安氏隐孢子虫的检测和分子流行病学调查分析.     

董寨国家级自然保护区人工巢箱招引鸟类研究

[目的]了解近年来董寨国家级自然保护区人工巢箱对鸟类的招引情况。[方法]利用2008年在保护区内悬挂的100个人工巢箱,分析2008~2013年间鸟类对人工巢箱的利用规律。[结果]董寨保护区招引的鸟类主要为红角鸮(Otus sunia)、麻雀(Passer rutilans)、大山雀(Parus major)、山麻雀(Passer rutilans)和丝光椋鸟(Sturnus sericeus)。2008~2013年每年鸟类对巢箱的利用率为17%~34%,且有重复利用旧巢的习性。此外,鸟类对巢箱的利用率整体上呈逐年下降趋势,这可能与保护区内植被逐年恢复,可供利用的自然巢址逐年增加有关。巢箱的位置对巢箱的招引效果具有一定的影响,以山坡下林缘的巢箱招引效果较好。[结论]在今后的人工巢箱悬挂中,应该优先选择在森林下部的边缘进行悬挂,以起到更好的招引效果。     

Think globally,manage locally: The importance of steady-state forest features for a declining songbird

Changes in historical forest composition and structure may have cascading effects throughout the forest community. Perhaps nowhere is there a better example of current forests that carry a legacy from their past than in eastern North America. The Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea), a declining Neotropical migratory bird of high conservation concern, is one excellent example of a species that seems to be sensitive to both landscape configuration and subtle features of eastern forests of North America. We used the Cerulean Warbler as a model species to demonstrate how an appreciation of fine-scale structural attributes of forests may improve our ability to conserve late-successional forest species. To do this we evaluated the extent to which multiscale habitat features were associated with density, spatial distribution, and nesting success of Cerulean Warblers in 12 mature forest sites in southeast Ohio, 2004–2006. Results suggest that adjacency of regenerating clear-cuts did not influence density or nesting success of Cerulean Warblers in adjacent mature forest. Instead, variation in demographic parameters was best explained by local habitat features. Density and nesting success were positively associated with canopy openness, numbers of large-diameter trees, and number of grapevines—all of which are typical of heterogeneous steady-state phase forests. Thus, improved management for Cerulean Warblers may require creating features (e.g., large canopy gaps) that mimic old-growth forests. Although fragmentation and habitat loss remain important contributors to population declines of many mature forest species, our work provides evidence that subtle changes in forest structure, particularly to features associated with old forests, warrant additional attention from the conservation community.     

Nest-cavity characteristics of the Great Spotted Woodpecker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendrocopos major</Emphasis> in shelter plantations of west Inner Mongolia

The Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major （L.）, one of the natural predators of Anoplophora glabripennis （Motsch.） （Coleoptera： Cerambycidae）, is resident to Wulate Qianqi County of the Inner Mongolia and widely found in shelter plantations. In August 2005 and 2006, 174 and 153 nest-cavities of Great Spotted Woodpeckers were found respectively in Wulate Qianqi County and 22 breeding nest-cavities were investigated in 2007. The results showed that mostly willow species were selected for nesting by the Great Spotted Woodpecker, but mature poplar trees also could be chosen. Nest cavities were often found with a protuberance above the cavity entrance or with a downward sloping gradient, or both. The selection of the height of the nest-cavity height was not significant. The vertical diameter of the nest-cavity entrance （VDE） and the horizontal diameter of the nest-cavity entrance （HDE） ranged from 5.0 to 5.8 cm. The results also indicated that the compass orientation of more than 60% of nest-cavities were towards the north, northeast and east. This study suggests a convergence of some nest-cavity characteristics of the Great Spotted Woodpecker in shelter plantations and will help us to make artificial nest for conserving the woodpecker and, as well, use the bird for controlling pests.     

啄木鸟人工鸟巢加工设备及其改进

该文介绍了我国常见啄木鸟——大斑啄木鸟Picoides major的人工鸟巢原有加工设备及改进设备,改进设备提高了人工鸟巢的加工速度和加工质量,可以实现人工鸟巢的批量生产,为大面积推广人工鸟巢招引大斑啄木鸟控制光肩星天牛技术打下良好的基础。     

青海湖主要集群繁殖鸟类巢区分布及其生境特征

我们于2007年和2008年的4～7月,对青海湖4种主要繁殖鸟类：斑头雁、棕头鸥、普通鸬鹚、渔鸥的巢区进行了调查,发现4种鸟类的巢区主要分布在岛屿或半岛上。共发现10个巢区,分布在蛋岛、鸬鹚岛、海心山、三块石和布哈河三角洲5个地点。巢区平均面积为44.8±44.2 hm^2,巢的平均数量为1 002±715个。4种鸟类中以斑头雁的巢最为密集。巢区与周围环境的隔离和受保护程度是影响巢区分布的最主要因素。巢区地表结构主要为沙土和砾石,几乎无植被覆盖。繁殖生境丧失和食物资源短缺可能是影响4种繁殖鸟类生存的最主要的因素,禽流感疫病的发生对这些繁殖鸟类构成了新的威胁。在以后的监测和保护工作中要加强生态环境的治理,注意合理开发利用青海湖的自然资源,并加强禽流感的病源监测和鸟类保护的宣传工作。