秦岭楼观台油松林地3种土栖性蚂蚁巢内真菌多样性研究(英文)

研究比较了秦岭楼观台油松林地日本弓背蚁(Camponotus japonicus)、铺道蚁(Tetramo-riumcaespitum)及日本黑褐蚁(Formicajaponica)3种蚂蚁蚁巢内外土壤真菌多样性的差异。研究结果表明:(1)从3种蚂蚁蚁巢及无蚂蚁栖居的土壤样品中共分离到15种真菌,无蚂蚁栖居土壤中真菌种类是3种蚂蚁巢内真菌种类的2.0~3.5倍;日本弓背蚁巢内平均cfu.g-1最低,明显低于无蚂蚁栖居的土壤(P<0.05),另外2种蚂蚁巢内及其无蚂蚁栖居的土壤平均cfu.g-1差异不明显(P>0.05)。(2)3种蚂蚁蚁巢内的真菌多样性指数(H′)均显著低于无蚂蚁栖居的土壤(P<0.05),但在3种蚂蚁蚁巢之间无显著差异(P>0.05);3种蚂蚁及无蚂蚁栖居的土壤的真菌均匀度指数(E)之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。(3)3种蚂蚁巢内真菌种类组成明显不同,形成各自特殊的真菌群落;蚁巢中分布的真菌种类几乎都可发现于无蚂蚁栖居的土壤,但其在蚁巢内的分布均大于无蚂蚁栖居的土壤。不同蚂蚁蚁巢内及无蚂蚁栖居的土壤中真菌组成及其多样性的差异与土壤微环境以及不同蚂蚁种群、筑巢习性及其对真菌的防卫机制密切相关。     

人工巢箱条件下两种山雀鸟类的同域共存机制

种间竞争会导致鸟类对自身的生存策略进行多方面调整,将多种因素结合起来分析不同鸟类的同域共存机制具有十分重要的意义.2009-2011年的3-7月,在辽宁省东部山区以悬挂人工巢箱的方法招引杂色山雀(Parus varius)和大山雀(Parus major),通过比较这两种鸟类在繁殖时间、繁殖参数和巢址选择上的差异,分析其繁殖期的栖息地选择及繁殖对策,探讨这两种鸟类同域共存的机制.结果表明,生态位的部分分离是大山雀和杂色山雀能够长期共存的基础.两者都是在繁殖期到来立即开始繁殖,均出现两次繁殖高峰,采用消减窝卵数的对策来适应环境质量的下降.对繁殖参数的分析表明,两种鸟类的繁殖对策都为k-选择,但大山雀略偏向r端,大山雀倾向高窝卵数、低繁殖成功率的繁殖策略;杂色山雀倾向低窝卵数、高繁殖成功率的繁殖策略.两种鸟类都选择在林龄较长的森林中筑巢,但是大山雀较注重巢址的安全性能,巢距地面较高,周围乔木密集;杂色山雀较为注重植被类型的选择,巢址多选择在植被多样、灌木生长茂盛的针阔混交林中,推测可能与杂色山雀的食物构成有关.     

水库堤坝囟土白蚁蚁后体长与巢积、巢深、群体数量之间相关性研究

囟土白蚁(Odontotermes fontanellus Kemner)是严重危害安徽中小水库堤坝的主要蚁种.为了科学抽样,以幼年和成熟蚁群蚁中蚁后的体长与体积为指标,用DPS软件进行分析.结果表明:(1)蚁后体长与体积之间成指数函数曲线关系,方程为:Y=0.074e0.068 4x(r=0.953 5);(2)蚁后体长与蚁巢体积之间成幂函数曲线关系,方程为:Y=5×10-5X5.521 6(r=0.855 0);(3)蚁后体长与工蚁数、兵蚁数、幼蚁数、整巢蚁数之间数量关系,有4条幂函数曲线,方程分别为:Y=0.001 3X4.812 6(r=0.904 9),Y=3×10-5X4.938 8(r=0.893 5),Y=0.384 4X3.268(r=0.709 0),Y=0.032 2X4.173(r=0.925 9);(4)蚁后体长与蚁巢深度之间的数量关系是一幂函数,其方程为:Y=0.345 3X1.469 4(r=0.653 4).通过以上方程,可估计出该群体大小和蚁巢体积,为堤坝白蚁的防治提供科学依据.     

空巢村治理与现代农业可持续发展研究——以湖南省5县农村空巢村为例

随着农村青壮年的外出打工,驻守在家的老幼妇孺由于精力体力等影响没有把自家的田土全部利用起来,使得大量田土被荒废,加上文化水平的限制,在现代农业可持续发展面前显得非常脆弱。空巢村对现代农业可持续发展影响深远,加强空巢村治理在现代农业可持续发展中的作用和地位重大。通过对湖南省5县样本空巢村进行了调研,了解了其现代农业可持续发展的脉络。只有对制约现代农业可持续发展的空巢村进行有效解锁,方可实现现代农业可持续发展,具体解锁路径有强化村官管理,杜绝村官空巢;重视农村教育,培育新型农民;提高农民组织化程度,大力实施培优工程;加强农机研发,促进农技转化;调整产业结构,增加就业机会;大力发展生态农业,探索生态农业模式;加大资金投入,改善公共产品结构;用活土地政策,发挥土地效应等。     

Effects of landscape structure on nest predation in roadsides of a midwestern agroecosystem: a multiscale analysis

Nest predation is an important cause of mortality for many bird species, especially in grassland ecosystems where generalist predators have responded positively to human disturbance and landscape fragmentation. Our study evaluated the influence of the composition and configuration of the surrounding landscape on nest predation. Transects consisting of 10 artificial ground nests each were set up in 136 roadsides in six watersheds in south-central Iowa. Nest predation on individual roadside transects ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 23%. The relationship of landscape structure within spatially-nested landscapes surrounding each roadside transect (within 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 m of the transect line) to nest predation was evaluated by using multiple regression and canonical correlation analyses. The results of this multiscale landscape analysis demonstrated that predation on ground nests was affected by the surrounding landscape mosaic and that nest predators with different-sized home ranges and habitat affinities responded to landscapes in different ways. In general, wooded habitats were associated with greater nest predation, whereas herbaceous habitats (except alfalfa/pasture) either were associated with less nest predation or were not important. Different landscape variables were important at different spatial scales. Whereas some block-cover habitats such as woodland were important at all scales, others such as rowcrops and alfalfa/pasture were important at large scales. Some strip-cover habitats such as gravel roads and paved roads were important at small scales, but others such as wooded roadsides were important at all all scales. Most landscape metrics (e.g., mean patch size and edge density) were important at large scales. Our study demonstrated that the relationships between landscape structure and predator assemblages are complex, thus making efforts to enhance avian productivity in agricultural landscapes a difficult management goal.     

Effects of different angling practices on post-release behaviour of nest-guarding male black bass, Micropterus spp.

Abstract  This study evaluated how different angling practices affect the short-term post-release behaviour of nest-guarding male black bass, Micropterus spp. Male largemouth bass, M. salmoides (Lacepède), and smallmouth bass, M. dolomieu (Lacepède), were angled from their nests and subjected to treatments designed to simulate a variety of common angling practices associated with catch-and-release angling, including fishing tournaments. In addition, some nests had broods reduced (removal of the majority of the eggs or fry from the nest) during the angling treatments to simulate predation of offspring during the angling event. Fish subjected to procedures simulating fishing tournaments (including a 1-h livewell confinement and release 100 m from the nest) exhibited significantly longer rest periods prior to returning to their nest than did other treatment groups. This rest period was longer for largemouth bass than smallmouth bass. Brood removal and air exposure increased abandonment rates compared with controls. These results show that sublethal stressors inherent in some angling practices (such as air exposure and livewell confinement) may delay the return of male black bass to their nest. In the presence of nest predators, the delay in return time could result in increased nest abandonment.     

应用套式PCR分段扩增犬瘟热病毒融合蛋白的全基因

为研究犬瘟热病毒（ＣＤＶ）融合蛋白各段功能,根据ＣＤＶＯｎｄｅｒｓｔｅｐｏｏｒｔ弱毒株的融合蛋白基因序列,设计合成了１０条寡聚核苷酸引物。对此１０条引物进行不同的配对,将１株犬瘟热疫苗弱毒株细胞培养物的总ＲＮＡ进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增,利用１次ＰＣＲ扩增得到了７个基因片段,最长的达１６６９ｂｐ,最短的为３１４ｂｐ;应用套式或半套式ＰＣＲ,扩增得到了能覆盖整个融合蛋白基因的８个片段     

“巢蜜国家标准”解读

近年来,我国巢蜜生产发展势头迅猛,是部分蜂农增加创收的有效途径。作为原生态的巢蜜,深受广大消费者的喜爱。但由于“蜂蜜国标”和“蜂蜜行标”均未对巢蜜进行明确界定或纳入管理,致使产品质量存在较大问题。2017年5月1日公布实施的“国家巢蜜标准”是非常及时的,具有现实的指导意义。如何让广大蜂农和消费者学习和把握标准的内容,让标准顺利贯彻实施,以促进巢蜜生产与销售的良性循环至关重要。对巢蜜国家标准进行解读,为广大蜂农和消费者提供参考。     

Variation in Surrogate Breeding Habitat Quality Between Continuously Grazed Rangelands and Late-Cut Hayfields for a Threatened Grassland Birds

Rangelands and hayfields provide a large portion of remaining surrogate habitat for many species of declining grassland birds in North America. We compared late-cut hayfields and continuously grazed pastures at low to moderate cattle densities for providing suitable breeding habitat in eastern Canada for the nationally threatened Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). To examine the quality of both habitats, we conducted point counts and monitored 87 nests during the 2015 and 2016 breeding seasons. Bobolink abundance and daily survival rate (DSR) of nests were modeled sequentially by habitat and sex as a function of vegetation structure, prey availability, and agricultural management. Year and habitat were the strongest predictors of abundance. When analyzed separately for pastures and hayfields, vegetation height was most important for female abundance in pastures while pasture size was most important for males. Nests in hayfields had significantly higher daily survival (DSR = 0.98 ± 0.01) than nests in pastures (DSR = 0.94 ± 0.01). Nesting success was highest in hayfields with taller vegetation, while in pastures, no microhabitat variable showed a clear relationship with DSR. Within pastures, cattle stocking densities of ≤ 1 animal units (AU) · ha^? 1 were not related to DSR. This study provides evidence that late-cut hay is of highest quality, but that small-scale beef farms with low to moderate stocking densities are suitable targets for conservation efforts of Bobolinks in eastern North America.     

农村老年人养老问题理论认识与现实状况的矛盾研究——以湖南某村庄为例

目前理论界普遍认为我国农村老年人养老问题突出,受到老年化及空巢化的严峻挑战,农村老年人生活现状令人担忧。然而在对农村老年人养老问题的实地调查中发现,农村老年人即便在生活条件恶劣的情况下,其自身对现实生活状况却是较满意和乐观。提出要为农村老年人提供更好的养老保障。