Detection of additive and additive×environment interaction effects of QTLs for yield‐component traits of rice using single‐segment substitution lines (SSSLs)

Additive effects (A) and additive‐by‐environment interactions (A×E) for five rice yield components were analysed using 20 SSSLs under mixed linear model methodology. Thirty‐one QTLs were detected. Different yield components have different QTL‐by‐environment (Q×E) interaction patterns. No A×E interaction effects were detected for the four QTLs for panicle number (PN). Four QTLs detected for spikelets per panicle (SPP) had A×E interactions. Five of seven QTLs detected for grains per panicle (GPP), two of 10 QTLs detected for 1000‐grains weight (GWT) and three of six QTLs detected for seed set ratio (SSR) showed significant A×E interaction. Most of these QTLs were distributed in clusters across the genome. The complexity of linkage and pleiotropy of these QTLs plus environmental effect may result in the diversity of the yield phenotype in the SSSLs. Only S19 exhibited a significant increase in yield with a predicted gain by 281.58 kg ha^?1. The results may be useful to design a better breeding strategy that takes advantage of QTL‐by‐environment interaction effects in each of the SSSLs.     

甘肃桃抗南方根结线虫性状的SRAP标记

以桃野生近缘种红根甘肃桃（Prunus kansuensis）与贝蕾[P. persica（L.）Batsch.]杂交的BC1代190株后代为试材,采用SRAP分子标记进行遗传分析。通过筛选在亲本中扩增稳定且多态性丰富的53对SRAP引物进行后代分析,获得来自红根甘肃桃且符合1︰1分离比例的标记115个。应用Mapmaker/Exp 3.0分析软件构建了红根甘肃桃的SRAP分子连锁图谱。该图谱共8个连锁群,包含103个标记,其中102个SRAP标记、1个抗南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）标记,总图距994.2 cM,每个连锁群的平均长度为124.3 cM,标记间平均图距为9.6 cM。抗南方根结线虫标记Mi-redkansu位于第5连锁群,并获得与其紧密连锁的SRAP标记,其遗传距离为2.1 cM。以36株F2代群体作为验证,检验标记的准确性为91.7%。     

木醋液的杀线活性及对根结线虫病的防治效果研究

 【目的】初步探究木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫的抑制作用,以及木醋液及其配剂对根结线虫病的田间防治效果。【方法】采用浸渍法测定不同稀释浓度的木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫抑制作用,根据实验室测定结果设计小区试验,进行木醋液及其配剂对石榴根结线虫病、番茄根结线虫病的大田防治。【结果】不同稀释浓度的木醋液对4种常见根结线虫的2龄幼虫均有抑制作用,随着稀释倍数的增加,抑制作用减小。木醋液稀释浓度为150倍处理72 h时,北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫、南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫的校正死亡率分别达到了76.3%、78.４%、77.9%和72.2%。木醋液和木醋液配剂对石榴根结线虫病有较好的防治效果,防治效果分别达到了63.9%和50.5%。木醋液和木醋液配剂对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果,寻甸分别为54.1%和28.6%,个旧的为27.8%和19.6%。【结论】初步证明木醋液对根结线虫2龄幼虫有抑制作用,对石榴根结线虫病和番茄根结线虫病有防治效果,对防治根结线虫病有研究价值、应用价值和开发前景。     

丛枝菌根对干旱胁迫下油用牡丹幼苗光化学活性的影响

采用盆栽法,对重度干旱(土壤相对含水量为30%)和轻度干旱(土壤相对含水量为55%)胁迫3 d和6 d的接种丛枝菌根真菌(Gigaspora rosea)的油用牡丹‘凤丹’幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数进行测定。结果显示：与未接菌相比,干旱胁迫下接菌‘凤丹’的PSII潜在活性Fv/Fo和性能指数PIabs均升高;重度干旱胁迫3、6 d,接菌‘凤丹’的Mo和Vj较未接菌处理分别显著降低14.5%、29.8%和12.9%和16.2%,φEo和φo分别显著提高9.7%、52.2%和8%、23.6%;与未接菌相比,轻度干旱胁迫3、6 d,接菌‘凤丹’的单位面积吸收的光能ABS/CSo、单位面积捕获的光能Tro/CSo、单位面积电子传递的量子产额ETo/CSo、单位面积传递到PSⅠ末端的量子产额REo/CSo均提高,但不显著;重度干旱胁迫3、6 d,接菌‘凤丹’的Tro/CSo、ETo/CSo和单位面积反应中心数RC/CSm分别显著提高37.8%、41.1%、47.7%、73.8%、50.1%、141.8%;干旱胁迫下,接菌‘凤丹’的调节性能量耗散量子产量Y(NPQ)均显著高于未接菌处理,非调节性能量耗散量子产量Y(NO)显著低于未接菌处理。表明,丛枝菌根可以提高干旱胁迫下(尤其是重度干旱下)PSII反应中心活性,增加对光能的吸收和捕获,提高电子传递能力和光化学效率,同时将剩余的光能以热耗散的形式散发,从而避免光损伤,进而提高干旱胁迫下油用牡丹幼苗的光化学活性和抗旱性。     

昆虫病原线虫和共生细菌培养系统中噬菌体的检测

本文利用紫外照射、温度、pH、盐度诱导五株溶源性共生菌株Xenorhabdus和Photorhabdus同时测定斯氏和异小杆属线虫Steinernema carpocapsae A24,S.carpacapsae ALL,S.feltiae English,S.feltiae SN,Heterorhabditis bacterophora H06在体外培养过程中是否存在感染共生细菌的噬菌体。结果未发现噬菌斑，说明实验菌株在实验诱导条件下以及昆虫病原线虫固体培养系统中不可能诱发噬菌体的危害。     

不同菌根类型植物生物量分配对干旱的响应

基于干旱对全球植物生物量分配影响的数据库,选择丛枝菌根(AM)、外生菌根(ECM)和二者兼生型菌根(AM+ECM)3种最常见的菌根类型,研究3种菌根类型植物应对干旱时各器官生物量分配的变化,采用一般线性模型模拟分析器官间的相对生长速率,探索不同菌根类型植物生物量分配对干旱的响应。结果表明：在干旱条件下,AM和AM+ECM植物根系生物量(M_R)的分配率分别增加了8.2%和7.6%,而ECM植物对M_R的分配则无显著变化;干旱导致AM植物茎生物量(M_S)分配率降低了7.7%,ECM和AM+ECM植物对M_S的分配则无显著变化;干旱使得AM+ECM植物和ECM植物叶生物量(M_L)的分配率分别下降了9.4%和6.5%,AM植物M_L则无显著变化;不同菌根类型植物遭受干旱时,AM和AM+ECM植物根、茎、叶的生物量积累速率依次降低,ECM植物茎、叶、根的生物量积累速率依次降低;不同菌根类型植物对干旱响应的策略不同,AM植物通过降低茎和生殖器官的生物量分配来提高对根的生物量...     

紫花苜蓿土壤浸提液对蜀葵的化感作用

为探究紫花苜蓿对蜀葵种子萌发和生长的化感作用,采取了紫花苜蓿根际及距离根际20、40、60 cm处表层5~10 cm的土壤,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）检测土壤浸提液（分别表示为R、D20、D40、D60）中5种有机酸类化感物质的含量。采用生物检测方法分析测定了土壤浸提液对蜀葵种子萌发的影响,并通过盆栽试验测定了紫花苜蓿与蜀葵间作条件下蜀葵叶绿素、丙二醛（MDA）、可溶性蛋白及生物量等生理生态学指标。结果表明： 5种有机酸在紫花苜蓿根际的含量最高,随着与根际距离的增加有机酸含量逐渐减少;R处理下,蜀葵发芽率和发芽指数比对照（蒸馏水）分别降低6.23%和31.32%,根长和苗长则与对照相比分别显著减少了56.11%和48.94%。盆栽实验结果表明,紫花苜蓿和蜀葵间作对蜀葵地上和地下生物量均产生明显抑制作用,与单种时相比分别减少8.01%和23.99%;间作使蜀葵叶绿素含量降低、MDA和可溶性蛋白含量升高。研究表明,紫花苜蓿对蜀葵有明显的化感作用,种植时不宜过密,应至少保持间距60 cm。     

城市郊区农业产业化与城乡一体化联动发展研究

分析了城郊农业产业化与城乡一体化（简称两化）联动发展的内涵和内容,即农业产业化与农村工业化联动,农村工业化与农村城镇化联动,农业产业化与农村城镇化联动;同时提出了两化联动的必要性,并对我国两化联动发展的现状进行了分析,提出了城郊农业现代化的定位及我国城郊两化联动发展的对策和措施。     

松材线虫和拟松材线虫的PCR快速检测

利用PCR技术对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus与拟松材线虫B．mucronatus的rDNA的ITS1区和5．8S区核甘酸序列扩增．根据松材线虫与拟松材线虫的ITS1序列区别,分别设计出松材线虫和拟松材线虫的特异性引物,实现了单条活的或FG(φ为4％的甲醛)固定的松材线虫和拟松材线虫的快速检测．     

Spring invasion of Heterodera schachtii in sugarbeet; a simulation study

A simulation model was developed for the spring invasion of the beet cyst nematode,Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, into sugarbeet roots, according to the state variable approach. This model describes the processes of egghatch, emergence of second stage larvae from cysts, migration to roots and penetration into roots quantitatively, using published data.In 1983 a field experiment was conducted to test this model.H. schachtii cysts were introduced at depths 6–29 cm in PVC-cylinders, buried in the soil. The rooting depth of sugarbeet seedlings, growing in these cylinders, was limited to 5 cm by 50 m mesh nylon gauze. Every 10 days the second stage larvae, which had penetrated into the roots of these seedlings were counted. After 50 days, about 40% of the eggs had hatched. More than 20% of the emerged larvae penetrated if the cysts had been buried undeeply, and only 4% if the cysts had been buried at 29 cm depth.The model predicted the course of penetration into the root during the first 40 days with reasonable accuracy (r²=0.79), but in the 5th period of 10 days the model made an overestimation of more than 100%. Egghatch after 50 days was correctly simulated. The differences in penetration into the root between the model and the experiment might result from an oversimplified simulation of the penetration success or the neglection of mortality of second stage larvae. Detailed experiments should be done to provide better parameters for these factors.Samenvatting Volgens de toestandsvariabele-benadering werd een simulatiemodel ontwikkeld van de voorjaarspenetratie van het bietecystenaaltje. Het model beschrijft aan de hand van literatuurgegevens het uikomen van de eieren, het verlaten van de cyst door de larven, de migratie naar en de penetratie in de wortel.In 1983 werd een veldproef uitgevoerd om het model te toetsen. Cysten vanH. schachtii werden op 5 dieptes tussen 6 en 29 cm ingegraven in PVC-cylinders, welke waren verzonken in de bodem. De bewortelingsdiepte van de suikerbiete-zaailingen die hierin groeiden werd beperkt tot 5 cm door nylon gaas van 50 m maaswijdte. Elke 10 dagen werden de larven geteld die in de wortels van deze plantjes waren gepenetreerd. Na 50 dagen was 40% van de eieren uitgekomen. Meer dan 20% van de gelokte larven penetreerden als de cysten ondiep waren ingegraven, en slechts 4% als de cysten op 29 cm diepte waren ingegraven.Gedurende de eerste 40 dagen werd het verloop van de penetratie in de wortel met redelijke nauwkeurigheid door het model voorspeld (r²=0.79). In de 5e periode van 10 dagen maakte het model echter een overschatting van meer dan 100%. Het uitkomen van de eieren werd correct gesimuleerd. De verschillen in penetratie tussen het model en de proef zouden het gevolg kunnen zijn van een oververeenvoudigde simulatie van het penetratiesucces of van het verwaarlozen van de mortaliteit van de migrerende larven. Betere gegevens hierover zullen moeten komen uit detailproeven.