植原体基因组学研究进展

植原体（phytoplasma）是一类重要的植物病原细菌, 可经叶蝉、飞虱等昆虫介体传播, 感染1 000多种植物, 产生丛枝、黄化、韧皮部黑斑坏死等症状, 给农业、林业生产带来巨大的损失。本文对植原体基因组学研究的历史、现状及当前植原体效应蛋白等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

感染松材线虫病松树滑刃目线虫调查

 本研究首次在全国范围内调查感染松材线虫病松树体内滑刃目线虫的种群组成,包括种类记述和数量组成分析。结果表明:在300份样品中共分离得到10种滑刃目线虫,隶属于3科、4属,其中有2个国内新记录种;它们是松材线虫、拟松材线虫、霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫、薄荷滑刃线虫、大核滑刃线虫、小麦长尾线虫(国内新记录种)、爱尔密那长尾线虫(国内新记录种)、李氏长尾线虫、吴氏长尾线虫和外滑刃科线虫一种;描述并且图示比较它们的形态特征。种群数量组成分析表明:松材线虫在感病松树体内占据绝对的优势,削弱了松树线虫群落组成的多样性,即线虫群落结构趋向单一化。研究还表明,利用长尾属线虫的捕食习性来控制中国松材线虫病的流行与危害值得进一步探索与研究。     

用喷雾器喷施线虫对其存活和侵染力的影响

试验表明,应用高压机动喷雾机喷施线虫,防治桃小食心虫,在每平方厘米10～20公斤压力下,对线虫的存活、侵染力和寄生强度,均无明显影响。     

应用TaqMan-MGB探针进行松材线虫的实时荧光定量检测技术研究

 松材线虫是国际公认的最重要的检疫性有害生物之一,也是我国2类检疫危险性有害生物,我国口岸多次从货物的木质包装中截获该线虫。由于松材线虫与拟松材线虫在形态上极其相似,难以区分,幼虫更无法用于鉴定。传统的形态学鉴定、生化以及其他分子技术等方法存在费时、准确度不高、灵敏度低等缺点,不易形成标准。我们设计筛选一对引物以及一条MGB探针,对松材线虫进行实时荧光PCR检测。建立了一条从1 pg到10⁴pg标准曲线,相关系数r=0.965。该检测方法省时、准确、快速、无污染。     

Penetration, Development and Emigration of Juveniles of the Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria in Myrobalan Plum (Prunus cerasifera) Clones Bearing the Ma Resistance Genes

Penetration, development and emigration of M. arenaria in the roots of three Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera) clones genetically characterized for their resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) were studied during the 10 (penetration) and 15 (emigration) days following the date of inoculation (D) of 2500 juveniles (J2s) per plant into the soil. Miniaturized tests were conducted on the two resistant clones P.2175 (Ma1 gene) and P.1079 (Ma2 gene) and the susceptible clone P.2032 (recessive for both genes), obtained from micropropagated plantlets and grown in mini-containers under controlled conditions at 25°C in a growth chamber. For penetration and development studies, nematodes in the roots were recovered by the acid fuchsin-lactophenol staining technique. Equivalent numbers of J2s were recovered in all the clones at D+1 and D+2. Subsequently, the numbers increased rapidly in P.2032 and were significantly different from those in P.1079 and P.2175 that remained at a low level. No swollen larvae were observed in the resistant clones. In P.2032, the first swollen larvae were observed at D+4, the first females were observed at D+12, whereas the first females with attached egg sacs and the first new-generation J2s were obtained between D+21 and D+28. Our data suggest that the resistance phenomenon does not act on the very early nematode penetration but acts later by preventing feeding-site induction and development into the third-stage. For emigration studies, plants in which J2s had been allowed to penetrate for two days (from D to D+2) were washed free of soil, repotted and then, after various periods of growth, soil-free roots were placed under a mistifier to evaluate the numbers of emigrating individuals. Emigration of J2s from the roots occured mainly from D+2 to D+4 in all the genotypes and was very limited from D+4 to D+10. There was no significant differences in the number of emigrated juveniles between the resistant and susceptible clones, indicating that emigration cannot explain the difference in the numbers of nematodes recovered in the roots.     

日光温室膜下滴灌水肥耦合技术对番茄生长发育的影响

采用二因素二次通用旋转组合设计方法,在日光温室膜下滴灌条件下研究了水肥耦合技术对番茄生长发育的影响,结果表明:灌水和施肥对番茄各项生长发育指标的影响均十分显著,有利于番茄生长发育的最佳水肥耦合方案为灌水量2 722.5-2 836.95 m3/hm2、施肥量265.5～294.45 kg/hm2.     

时序效应对导叶式离心泵叶轮做功的影响

为了研究导叶时序安装位置对离心泵水力性能及运行稳定性的影响,采用SST k-ω湍流模型对在不同导叶安装时序位置时离心泵内部非稳态流场进行数值计算,分析导叶时序位置对叶轮做功的影响规律.结果表明：同一导叶时序位置时,因动静干涉影响,叶轮叶片做功呈现周期性波动;不同导叶时序位置时,各叶轮叶片做功呈现的波峰与波谷时刻不同,且出现明显的相位差,表明时序位置对叶轮叶片做功的影响因素主要为叶轮-导叶动静干涉、叶轮-蜗壳动静干涉及蜗壳不对称几何形状等;不同导叶时序位置时,叶轮流道做功均呈现周期性波动,并出现相位差,同时因叶轮-导叶动静干涉作用影响,叶轮出口处压力场分布不同,表明叶轮-导叶动静干涉是导叶时序效应对其叶轮流道做功影响的主要因素.研究结果可为导叶式离心泵设计提供一定理论依据.     

大豆新品种(系)对大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性鉴定

2003～2006年,应用田间自然病圃法,先后对来自于7个省市的394份大豆种质资源进行了大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗病性鉴定。从中选出8份抗病种质,占鉴定总数的2.03%,这些抗病种质均是优良的品种或品系,是较好的抗性亲本。     

弱光及干旱条件下AMF对切花月季光合和AsA-GSH循环的影响

旨在探究弱光及干旱条件下丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对切花月季光合、AsA-GSH循环以及渗透调节物质的影响。盆栽条件下设置100%全光照（L1）、50%全光照（L2）2个光照处理组,80%土壤持水量（W1）和40%土壤持水量（W2）2个水分处理组,接种AMF\[变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)+异形根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus irregularis)\]及不接种对照（CK）共8个处理。结果表明,AMF能够侵染切花月季根系,显著提高切花月季生长品质。弱光和/或干旱胁迫下,与不接种对照相比,接种AMF能有效地促进切花月季叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）和水分利用效率（WUE）增加,降低细胞间隙CO₂浓度（C_i）;在L2W2处理条件下,与不接种对照相比,接种AMF使切花月季叶片中的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDAR）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）活性分别提高5.2%、 15.4%、21.7%和35.9%;接种AMF的抗坏血酸（AsA）含量与对照处理无显著差异,还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量提高8.1%,GSH／GSSG比值增加7.9%;接种AMF后切花月季丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸（Pro）含量明显增加。结论认为AMF通过维持AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的稳定,提高AsA-GSH循环中相关酶活性,增加切花月季叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量而降低MDA含量来适应水分和光照的变化,形成适应光照和水分条件变化的生理生态对策来改善切花月季生长品质。     

玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势与环境互作效应分析

采用加性-显性及与环境互作的遗传模型,利用玉米6个亲本,按完全双列杂交设计组配的15个杂交组合在4种环境条件下的试验资料,分析玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势与环境互作效应。结果表明:玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势存在着极显著的基因型与环境互作效应。不同杂交组合在同一环境下的F1杂种优势表现不尽相同,同一杂交组合在不同环境条件下表现也不尽相同。玉米自交系沈137是选育保绿性玉米杂交种较好的亲本材料。