浅析食品防腐剂

对食品防腐剂分类进行阐述,主要介绍了我国食品防腐剂的应用状况及开发进展,对我国目前广泛使用的化学防腐剂存在的问题和近年来新开发的天然防腐剂的种类做了较详细的综述.     

基于线性谱聚类的林地图像中枯死树监测

【目的】将基于线性谱聚类超像素的方法应用在森林病虫害防治领域,可智能监测无人机森林虫害图像中的枯死树,为森林有害生物的监测工作提供技术支撑。【方法】分别以湖北省受松材线虫与辽宁省受红脂大小蠹侵害的松林无人机图像为试验数据,首先使用线性谱聚类超像素分割算法将图像划分为多个超像素;然后基于枯死树木的颜色特征,初步提取可能为枯死树的超像素区域;最后基于枯死树木与其他干扰地物具有不同的纹理特征,计算超像素的区域密度和缝隙量,利用支持向量机对初步提取的超像素进行分类,从而检测出图像中的枯死树。【结果】基于线性谱聚类超像素和支持向量机的枯死树监测方法可有效排除与枯死树木颜色相近的其他干扰地物,较准确地提取出枯死树木。使用该方法与基于植被颜色指数的阈值分割方法、基于简单线性迭代聚类超像素和随机森林的方法,对35幅受灾松林无人机图像进行试验,并选用交并比、虚警率和漏检率3个评价指标对3种方法进行定量对比分析。结果表明,基于线性谱聚类超像素的方法监测出的枯死树区域最精确,其监测结果与人工检测结果的交并比均值大于58%,且虚警率和漏检率均优于另外2种方法。【结论】基于线性谱聚类超像素的枯死树监测方法能实现松林中枯死树的快速、准确检测及定位。     

基于JAVA的WebGIS森林资源信息管理方法探讨

比较WebGIS 5种实现方式的优劣,并给出基于Java技术的WebGIS框架,讨论了WebGIS在森林资源管理中的应用。     

基于ArcGIS的林地面积精确分割方法研究

以ArcGIS 10.2.2浮动版为平台,结合实例阐述在宗地结构中用宗地编辑器分割宗地,从宗地结构中导出图层,将图层和从宗地结构中导出的图层加载到ArcMap内容列表中,在ArcMap内容列表中用裁剪面工具捕捉导出图层的端点、折点分割图层,实现林地面积精确分割。认为该方法在林业工作中是一种实用的方法。     

The leaf-litter earthworm fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of forests in Limpopo Province,South Africa: diversity,communities and conservation

A qualitative survey of the leaf-litter earthworm fauna of 11 selected indigenous forests in Limpopo Province, South Africa, was conducted to identify the species present, to describe the communities and to assess the relationship between indigenous and exotic species. A total of 8185 individuals from 17 species (five indigenous and 12 exotic species) were recorded. The average earthworm community comprised fewer than five species, but up to seven species were sampled from a single forest. Four of the species recorded are national (one species), regional (one species) or local (two species) endemics. Because these species are not known to live elsewhere, the protection of Limpopo Province forests is critical to their survival. The majority (71%) of the earthworm species sampled was exotic, and differences between exotic and indigenous species richness in forests were mostly significant. At the two spatial scales examined (20 m2 and individual forest) there is no evidence of an association between exotic and indigenous species richness. However, we cannot assume that exotic earthworms do not impact the forest ecosystem.     

甘肃陇南地震扰动区植被群落特征

地震扰动对当地生态环境造成极大的破坏,引起植被群落种类组成、群落结构的变化,本研究采用样带结合海拔梯度的方法,于2013年8-9月,调查和研究了甘肃陇南武都区清水沟植被群落的种类组成、群落结构受地震扰动后的现状。结果表明,研究区内共发现34种植物,分属16科30属,主要以禾本科和菊科植物为主,群落垂直结构明显,大体分为3层;植物群落中多年生草本植物种类最多,是优势生活型,其次是灌木、藤本,无乔木分布;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现为中坡位>下坡位>上坡位,Simpson优势度指数(D)表现为上坡位>下坡位>中坡位。     

室温干燥贮藏和天然高寒草甸层积对草玉梅种子萌发的影响

明晰草玉梅种子休眠的释放,为草地管理和草玉梅的栽培提供基础,研究了室温干燥贮藏和高寒草甸层积对草玉梅种子萌发特征的影响。结果表明,室温干燥贮藏天数不同、是否去掉果皮和是否光照影响了草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数、发芽率和发芽指数。随着贮藏天数的增加,去掉果皮草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数呈不同程度的减小,发芽率和发芽指数呈不同程度的增加。室温贮藏40~180 d的草玉梅种子,去掉或未去掉果皮后光照条件下的初次发芽天数显著低于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。室温贮藏40,80,150和180 d的草玉梅种子在去掉果皮光照处理下,其发芽率间的差异不显著(P>0.05),但皆显著高于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。室温贮藏180 d的草玉梅种子未去掉果皮光照下的发芽率显著高于贮藏80和150 d处理(P<0.05),后两者显著高于贮藏40 d处理(P<0.05),贮藏40 d 处理又显著高于贮藏0 d处理(P<0.05)。光照不同程度地降低了草玉梅种子的初始发芽天数,提高了草玉梅种子的发芽率和发芽指数。高寒草甸土壤中冷季层积处理不同程度地降低了草玉梅种子的初次发芽天数,提高了发芽率和发芽指数。践踏层积的草玉梅种子在30/20℃和20/10℃变温条件下的初次发芽天数分别显著低于层积不践踏处理(P<0.05)。践踏层积的草玉梅种子在25/15℃和20/10℃变温条件下的发芽率(分别为38.0%和35.3%),显著高于层积不践踏处理(22.7%和14.0%);室温贮藏同期(11月-4月)未去掉果皮的草玉梅种子未能发芽。当年10月成熟后层积于天祝高寒草甸放牧地的草玉梅种子,至次年8月底有40.2%的发芽;未发芽的草玉梅种子在培养箱30/20℃到20/5℃的温度范围均能发芽,在30/20℃最高,仅为15.3%,绝大多数种子处于休眠。     

干旱灌区次生盐渍化土壤红花配方施肥研究

在干旱次生盐渍化土壤条件下,采用“3414”配方施肥方案,研究了氮、磷、钾配施对红花产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,配方施肥对红花株高、分枝高、单株花球数、花冠和籽粒产量均有显著影响,其中以配施N 180 kg/hm²、P 90 kg/hm²、K 120 kg/hm²的处理N₂ P₂ K₂红花花冠和籽粒产量最高。分别对红花花冠产量和红花籽粒产量与氮、磷、钾肥料的相关性进行回归分析,均达到显著水平。在干旱灌区次生盐渍化土壤上,红花花冠理论最高产量为667.98 kg/hm²,最佳施肥量为N 150.59 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 93.09 kg/hm²、K₂O 98.75 kg/hm²;红花籽粒理论最高产量为2 644.47 kg/hm²,最佳施肥量为N 169.50 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 94.60 kg/hm²、K₂O 102.75 kg/hm²。     

Effects of Mowing and Tebuthiuron on the Nutritional Quality of Wyoming Big Sagebrush

Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) is the most abundant and widely distributed subspecies of big sagebrush and has been treated through chemical application, mechanical treatments, and prescribed burning in efforts thought to improve habitat conditions for species such as greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Although the response of structural attributes of sagebrush communities to treatments is well understood, there is a need to identify how treatments influence the quality of sagebrush as winter food for wildlife. Our purpose was to identify how mowing and tebuthiuron treatments influenced dietary quality of Wyoming big sagebrush in central Wyoming. Two study areas were mowed in January and February 2014, and tebuthiuron was applied in two study areas in May 2014. We constructed 6 exclosures in each of these four study areas (24 total), which encompassed 30 × 30 m areas of treated and untreated sagebrush within each exclosure. Samples of current annual growth were collected from 18 sagebrush plants from treated and 12 plants from control portions of mowing exclosures during November 2013–2015 and tebuthiuron exclosures during November 2014–2015. Samples were analyzed for crude protein and plant secondary metabolites known to influence dietary selection of sagebrush by sage-grouse and other sagebrush-occurring herbivores. Our results suggest mowing and tebuthiuron treatments may slightly increase crude protein concentrations directly after treatments without immediate changes in plant secondary metabolites. Slight increases in dietary quality of sagebrush following treatments coupled with potential trade-offs with loss of biomass associated with treatments corroborates previous research that treating Wyoming big sagebrush may have little benefit for sage-grouse and other sagebrush-dependent wildlife. Future work should evaluate not only how treatments influence sage-grouse habitat use and reproductive success but also how treatments influence other wildlife species in fragile sagebrush ecosystems.