Effects of ultrasound and high pressure argon on physico-chemical properties of white mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during postharvest storage

Effects of high pressure argon (H), ultrasound (U) and their combination treatments (UH) on physico-chemical characteristics of white mushrooms were studied during 9 d of postharvest storage at 4 °C. H treated samples exhibited the smallest weight loss and respiration rate compared to all other samples. Mass losses after 9 d of storage were 3.01%, 5.09%, 5.39% and 9.59% for H, UH, U and untreated mushrooms, respectively. Furthermore, U treated samples showed lower polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO, E.C. 1.14.18.1) during storage while UH treated samples showed a slight increase in antioxidant capacity during storage and also experienced reduced mass loss and respiration rate. In addition, treated samples were effective in retaining mushrooms colour changes compared to control. Physico-chemical properties of differently treated mushrooms (UH, H and U) stored at 4 °C were significantly different (p < 0.05) from control.     

日光温室内不同光照强度对食用菌生长发育的影响

食用菌不同种类,同一种类不同生育阶段对光照强度的需求不尽相同。菌丝体阶段需要较弱的散射光照射,光照强度２００～１０００ＬＸ较为理想;在菇蕾形成期光照强度对平菇和香菇影响不大,金针菇则需要较弱的光照强度,１０００Ｌｘ以下较好;香菇转色也需要较弱的光照强度,以２００ＬＸ以下最佳;出菇期平菇对光适应范围较广,香菇次之,金针菇较敏感,一般平菇在２００００Ｌｘ以下,香菇在１００００ＬＸ以下,金针菇在５０００ＬＸ以下出菇比较理想,但以１０００～５０００Ｌｘ产量最高,菇质最好。     

菇味兔肉香肠的研制

[目的]研究兔肉草腥味的去除方法,在此基础上再对菇味兔肉香肠的原料配方进行研究,以研制出可食率高、营养、方便的产品。[方法]以兔肉为原料,添加适量的平菇,制作出菇味兔肉香肠。采用L9(34)正交试验设计,进行去除兔肉草腥味试验和原料最佳配方试验。[结果]试验表明,添加0.04%的β-环糊精、1.2%的白糖和1.2%姜可有效去除兔肉的草腥味;菇味兔肉香肠最佳原料配方为肥瘦比2∶8,平菇添加量27%,淀粉添加量7%,在80~85℃的温度下蒸煮50 min香肠质量较高。[结论]研究可为兔肉加工大规模工厂化生产提供依据。     

大型有毒真菌的资源及其抗虫活性的研究进展

大型有毒真菌是指子实体被食用后对人类或动物产生中毒反应的大型真菌。许多大型有毒真菌具有抗虫活性．在未来新型生物源农药的研制与开发中具有巨大的潜力。文章对具有抗虫活性的大型有毒真菌资源及其抗虫活性的研究现状进行综述，并提出了目前研究中存在的问题和需要重点突破的关键技术。     

菌渣施用对茶园土壤有机碳含量及腐殖质组成的影响

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究菌渣施用对茶园土壤有机碳含量及其腐殖质组成的影响。试验设计4个处理,分别为单施氮肥(M0)、50%氮肥+50%菌渣有机肥(M1)、全量菌渣有机肥(M2)和2倍菌渣有机肥(M3)。结果表明:连续3年施用菌渣有机肥后,茶园表层(0~20cm)土壤有机碳含量、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和胡敏素(HM)含量均有一定程度的增加,较M0处理分别增加43.10%~104.21%、52.89%~157.14%、31.07%~74.30%和44.96%~107.35%,几乎随着菌渣有机肥施用量的增加而增加,20~40cm土层影响不显著。土壤胡敏酸的△logK和E4/E6值均有增加,其中M2和M3处理显著增加,而富里酸的△logK和E4/E6各处理间差异均不显著,说明腐殖化过程较慢。研究表明施用菌渣有机肥不仅更有利于茶园土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进上壤腐殖化进程。     

食用菌生物保鲜技术研究进展

食用菌兼具营养及药用价值,被公认为"现代保健食品",已成为继植物性、动物性食品之外的第三类食品--菌物性食品。食用菌含水量高、组织脆嫩,在采收和贮运过程中容易受到损伤,引起褐变、变质或腐烂等,严重影响其食用性和商品价值,因此食用菌保鲜技术受到广泛关注。本文探讨了影响食用菌采后保鲜效果的因素,对近年来国内外食用菌生物保鲜技术的研究进展进行了综述,提出了食用菌生物保鲜技术的未来发展方向。     

Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. II. Pathogenicity

In recent years in the Netherlands a second mushroom species,Agaricus bitorquis, which prefers higher temperatures thanA. bisporus and is less susceptible to certain diseases, is often commercially grown.Verticillium fungicola var.fungicola, the causal agent of dry bubble, is responsible for considerable damage in crops ofA. bisporus. InA. bitorquis, however, dry bubble has hardly been noticed, but brown spots due toV. fungicola var.aleophilum resulted in inferior mushroom quality. The latter variety also caused brown spots ina. bisporus, but to a minor degree. In variety Les Miz 60 ofA. bisporus, however, it also induced fruit-body deformation in a way different from dry bubble. Verticillium psalliotae, isolated fromA. bitorquis in England, induced more confluent brown spots inA. bitorquis. In the netherlands, where moreA. bitorquis is grown than in other countries,V. psalliotae has not yet been encountered in crops ofA. bitorquis. V. psalliotae, which has a high temperature optimum for mycelial growth, likeV. fungicola var.aleophilum andA. bitorquis, did not infectA. bisporus in our trials.Artificial infection ofA. bisporus orA. bitorquis could not be accomplished with the following related and/or fungicolous fungi:Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum andAphanocladium album.Samenvatting Vooral in Nederland wordt sinds een aantal jaren naastAgaricus bisporus ook de warmteminnende champignonsoortAgaricus bitorquis geteeld, die minder vatbaar is voor bepaalde ziekten. TerwijlVerticillium fungicola varfungicola in de teelt vanA. bisporus droge mollen en daardoor veel schade veroorzaakt, komen in de teelt vanA. bitorquis geen droge mollen voor maar wel bruine vlekken, die tot kwaliteitsverlies en dus schade leiden. De vlekken bleken veroorzaakt te worden doorV. fungicola var.aleophilum. Deze schimmel veroorzaakte ook inA. bisporus bruine vlekken, hoewel in minder ernstige mate, maar in het ras Les Miz 60 vanA. bisporus bovendien misvormde champignons, die wel op droge mollen leken, maar daaraan niet gelijk waren.OokV. psalliotae, in Engeland geïsoleerd vanA. bitorquis met vlekken, veroorzaakte wat meer samenvloeiende, bruine vlekken inA. bitorquis. In Nederland, waar meerA. bitorquis geteeld wordt dan in andere landen, isV. psalliotae nog niet aangetroffen in teelten vanA. bitorquis. InA. bisporus kon geen kunstmatige infectie worden verkregen metV. psalliotae, die net alsV. fungicola var.aleophilum enA. bitorquis warmteminnend genoemd zou kunnen worden.Met de volgendeVerticillium-achtige of van paddestoelen geïsoleerde schimmels kon evenmin op kunstmatige wijze een infectie worden opgeroepen inA. bisporus ofA. bitorquis: Verticillium lamellicola, V. fungicola var.flavidum, V. biguttatum, Nectriopsis tubariicola, Acremonium crotocinigenum enAphanocladium album.     

引进荷兰菇房条件下双孢蘑菇品种筛选初报

本试验在引进荷兰标准化菇房生产条件下,对6个双孢蘑菇品种A15、258、W192、20、2796（福建）、2796（河南）,以菌丝生长速度、单个子实体大小、菌盖直径以及单位面积产量等为指标,筛选出2个表现优良的菌种A15和258。A15菌丝生长速度较快,出菇较其他品种提早2d,但菇体偏小,菌柄较长。258平均单产可迭19．45kg·m^-2,菌盖直径、菌柄、成熟子实体大小商品性状表现优良。适合目前栽培模式。     

转化桑叶的毛头鬼伞子实体的降血糖作用

研究了转化桑叶的毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)子实体对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病小鼠体重、血糖、血清胰岛素、肝糖原、果糖胺、血脂代谢、体内氧化压力、肝脏中糖代谢酶活性等的影响.转化桑叶的鸡腿菇子实体提高了单一毛头鬼伞子实体或桑叶的降血糖作用,促进了胰岛素分泌,降低了体内氧化压力,提高了糖代谢的酶活性,但对血脂调节作用不显著.     

6株金针菇菌株遗传多样性的ISSR、RAPD和SRAP综合分析

为了更加快速准确的分析金针菇种质资源的遗传多样性,利用ISSR、RAPD和SRAP分子标记技术对6株金针菇菌株进行综合遗传多样性分析,并构建UPMGA亲缘关系树状图。结果表明,6株金针菇菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.49~0.85,在相似系数为0.59时6个菌株可分为3组,黄色菌株‘三明1号’、‘F951’、‘杂19’和白色菌株8801聚成一组,白色菌株8903和白色菌株‘金21’各成一组。该试验结果表明,3类分子标记综合分析结果相比单一分子标记分析结果能够更真实全面地体现出供试菌株之间的亲缘关系,因此该方法将有利于金针菇种质资源的评价和鉴定研究。