陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替研究一撂荒演替序列

用系统聚类法划分陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒地的次生演替阶段，可以定量的认识不同年限、立地条件下撂荒地群落的相似性，结合DCA数量排序确定撂荒地的演替阶段或序列。其撂荒演替的各阶段分别为：一年生杂类草猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）＋其它杂类草群丛→一年生杂类草猪毛蒿群丛→一年生杂类草猪毛蒿＋多年生草种或小灌木的共优群丛一根茎禾草冰草（Agropyroncristatum）群丛→多年生草本或丛生禾草＋一年生杂类草群丛→多年生草本群丛→小灌木达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）群丛→多年生草本＋小灌木或密丛型禾草群丛→短根茎密丛型禾草白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）群丛。     

云南干热河谷旱坡地南洋樱植物篱水土保持效益研究

对云南元谋干热河谷旱坡地水土流失和土壤退化严重的地区,引进豆科速生树种南洋樱,以30 cm×40 cm株行距、品字形双行等高栽植快速形成植物围篱。结果表明,南洋樱植物篱在元谋干热河谷旱坡地生长良好,并且在种植3年间,治理区径流发生次数明显减少,年径流模数减少了29.13×104m3/km2,减少率76.90%;土壤年退化减少12 986.8 t/km2,减少率76.02%。研究区降水量与径流量间者的相关系数由建植篱前的显著相关变为不显著;有机质和钾流失减少量高达3 111.64 kg/hm2和3276.57 kg/hm2。南洋樱植物篱在控制旱坡地水土流失、减少土壤侵蚀和改善土壤养分等效益显著。     

Small mammal diversity and density on the Bokkeveld escarpment,South Africa – implications for conservation and livestock predation

A preliminary investigation of the diversity and density of small mammals in four structurally distinct habitat types in an actively-utilized farming landscape was carried out. We sought to understand how diversity and density are influenced by landscape structure, habitat structure and management decisions. Farmers in the area believe small mammals provide a service as an alternative food source, other than sheep, for predators. We assessed the validity of this reported ecosystem service. A total of 10 species and 219 individuals were recorded during this survey of 3600 trap-nights, with a total trap success rate of 6.1%. Significantly more individuals were caught during the winter than in summer. Vegetation transformation had a negative impact on small mammal diversity. Density, diversity and distribution were correlated with vegetation and landscape structural diversity. Management decisions that reduce vegetation structure and cover will have a negative impact on small mammal density and diversity. Ensuring the conservation of small mammals may have the benefit of providing an alternative food source to predators, a valuable ecosystem service to farmers.     

基于粮食安全的重庆市耕地保护

耕地资源关系到一个国家或地区经济发展、社会稳定和粮食安全。文中通过对1997-2005年重庆市粮食产量和耕地面积的统计数据进行分析,发现耕地面积不断减少、粮食产量以2001年为分界点出现逐年减产和增产的现象,并提出基于粮食安全的重庆市耕地保护对策。     

湟源山坡地梯田退耕还林还草效果研究初报

通过对湟源山坡地梯田退耕还林工程连续9年的定点观测调查,结果表明:在顶坡梯田,所栽植的榆树Ulmus pumila有94%死亡,沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides有19.4%死亡;在中坡梯田,榆树、沙棘的死亡率分别为93%、18.2%;在底坡梯田,榆树、沙棘的死亡率分别为92.7%、18.6%;而柠条Caragana korshinskii在3个坡位梯田中都100%的成活,但长势不旺,而以赖草Leymus secalinus为主的草本植物,通过9年的自然侵入生长,其生物量(干物质)达到850 g/m2以上。同时,对各坡位草本产量增长规律进行了分析论述,建立了3个坡位草本产量与生长年限回归方程,中坡：y=78.033+102.473 3x;底坡:y=67.333+102.253 3x;顶坡:y=54.244 4+101.92x;如实评估了坡地梯田退耕还草后的经济效益。     

Collective management on communal grazing lands: Its impact on vegetation attributes and soil erosion in the upper Blue Nile basin,northwestern Ethiopia

Collective action, on communal grazing land, has evolved in the highlands of northwestern Ethiopia to mitigate the problems of feed shortage and land degradation due to overgrazing. The exercise is liked by farmers for improving the availability of natural pasture during the long dry season when other feed sources get depleted. However, large portions of the communal grazing lands are still managed under free grazing throughout the year. This study was undertaken in Maynet village in the upper Blue Nile basin, northwestern Ethiopia, to assess the impacts of three different types of grazing land management (GLM) and two slope gradients (<10%; 15–25%) on aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, ground cover, species richness, runoff, soil loss and soil bulk density of grazing lands. The GLMs include (a) freely open communal GLM, (b) restricted communal GLM – collective management of communal grazing land locally named as ‘yebere sar’ and (c) private holding GLM. Stocking density was more than carrying capacity of grazing lands across all GLMs. However, the extent of overstocking problem was exceptionally severe in freely open communal GLM. The interaction between GLM and slope was significant (P<0.05) for runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient. The average runoff coefficient was close to 50% in freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes (15–25%). Freely open communal GLM on steeper slopes resulted in consistently highest cumulative runoff and soil loss amounting to 491 mm and 32 t/ha per year, respectively. Polynomial regression analysis showed that quadratic relationship (r²=0.87) existed between soil loss and runoff. But, soil loss was close to nil when runoff did not exceed 2 mm per rainfall event. As expected, restricted communal GLM appeared to reduce surface runoff by more than 40% and curb the rate of soil erosion by more than 50% compared to freely open communal GLM. Its vegetation cover persisted above 70% throughout the year, meeting the threshold level recommended to keep surface runoff and soil loss to minimum. Reducing the problem of overstocking and pasture resting in August–November are important components to improve ground cover and aboveground herbaceous biomass yield, which in turn reduce land degradation on grazing lands.     

喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式下石灰土化学风化特性

研究喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式（耕地、荒草地、退耕还草地和林草间作地）石灰土剖面化学风化特征,探讨矿质元素在石灰土剖面的分布、迁移和富集特征,从不同土地利用方式下土壤风化度,元素淋溶度、迁移度和残积度的角度分析土壤化学风化特征。结果表明：喀斯特山区石灰土剖面氧化物含量以SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃为主,其他氧化物含量相对较低,均属于中等变异元素,SiO₂、Al₂O₃、MgO含量以荒草地较高,CaO、Na₂O含量以林草间作地较高,Fe₂O₃、MnO、P₂O₅、K₂O以耕地较高;研究区土壤处于中等化学风化阶段,富铝化程度弱,不同土地利用方式下荒草地土壤化学蚀变系数较强,林草间作地土壤富铝化程度较高;研究区土壤K、Na、Ca淋失严重,荒草地盐基离子淋失明显,林草间作地盐基离子淋失程度相对较低;土壤Fe、Al相对富集明显,残积程度高,林草间作地Al含量积累明显,退耕还草地Fe含量富集显著;实施“退耕—还草”等增加植被覆盖度的治理模式对土壤的保护作用显著。     

科尔沁沙地典型人工固沙林群落中少花蒺藜草入侵地土壤特性

对科尔沁沙地2个典型人工固沙林小叶杨(Populus simonii)和黄柳(Salix gordejevii)群落中优势种少花蒺藜草(Cenchrus pauciflorus)生境地土壤养分进行测定分析.结果表明:少花蒺藜草2生境地中土壤pH 值在7.35～7.80之间,土壤有机质含量在4.86～5.90 mg·kg^-1之间,碱解氮含量在21.4～59.07 mg·kg^-1之间,有效磷含量范围为 1.13～2.22 mg·kg^-1,速效钾含量在78.24～173.20 mg·kg^-1之间.土壤有机质及速效养分含量随着少花蒺藜草生长期的变化均有不同程度的下降,入侵地土壤沙化加重.     

施肥和覆盖模式对旱地冬小麦花后干物质转移、糖代谢及其籽粒产量的影响

选择不同的施肥(无机+有机)和覆盖模式,2012-2015年在典型的西北半干旱雨养农业区甘肃省农业科学院小麦研究所清水试验站进行大田试验,研究不同施肥+覆盖模式对旱地冬小麦干物质转移、糖代谢及其籽粒产量的影响,并分析糖含量与产量、物质转移之间的相关关系。结果表明,比较对照T₁(不施任何肥料),不同的施肥+覆盖模式均不同程度地提高了籽粒产量,依次为高量化肥+有机肥(T₆)>等量化肥+有机肥(T₄)>高量化肥+地膜覆盖(T₅)>等量化肥+地膜覆盖(T₃)>常规化肥(T₂)>不施肥(T₁)。增施有机肥(T₄、T₆)提高后期干物质转移量、转移比率、贡献率,增加粒重,并保证较高的有效成穗,从而增加籽粒产量,处理T₆、T₄分别比对照T₁增产119.22%和118.24%。地膜覆盖(T₃、T₅)增加了花后不同时期叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、颖壳干物质累积量和单穗粒数,为籽粒产量的提高奠定了基础。相反,地膜覆盖(T₃、T₅)降低干物质转移比率和贡献率。增施氮肥(T₃~T₆)提高了叶片干物质累积量,但过多的氮肥不利于籽粒增重,并降低了干物质转移比率和贡献率。不同的施肥+覆盖模式(T₂~T₆)降低了灌浆中前期(10、20 d )各个营养器官可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,延缓了前期叶片和叶鞘可溶性糖和蔗糖下降的速度,叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、颖壳可溶性糖含量下降最快的时期均在花后30~40 d,籽粒在花后10~20 d。相关分析表明,产量、株高、单位面积穗数、穗长、旗叶面积均与中前期(花后10、20 d)叶片、茎秆、叶鞘可溶性糖和蔗糖含量呈极显著和显著负相关。本研究结果证实,在甘肃旱地雨养农业区,结合有机肥施用(T₄、T₆),适当增加氮、磷用量完全能达到地膜覆盖对籽粒产量的增加,是更为持续、稳产的旱地小麦栽培模式。     

种植密度和施肥水平对青海旱地覆膜种植甜高粱草产量及品质的影响

以甜高粱(Sorghum dochna)吉甜5号和九甜杂3号为材料,在海拔2 040m的青海旱地覆膜进行了不同种植密度(行株距分别为40cm×40cm、40cm×30cm、40cm×20cm)和追施不同尿素量(0、150和225kg·hm~(-2))对草产量及品质影响的研究。结果显示,吉甜5号和九甜杂3号两个品种在行距×株距为40cm×20cm(12.00万穴·hm~(-2))时的鲜草产量和干草产量最高,鲜草产量分别达99.75和108.17t·hm~(-2),干草产量分别达17.89和22.58t·hm~(-2);在生长中期追施150kg·hm~(-2)尿素时草产量较高,品质较好,两个品种的粗蛋白分别达5.47%和4.80%,粗脂肪分别达5.67和7.57g·kg~(-1),酸性洗涤纤维较低,综合表现良好。以上结果表明,青海旱地甜高粱种植密度为12.00万穴·hm~(-2),生长中期追施尿素150kg·hm~(-2)最为适宜。