Morphological divergence of the threatened Rocky Mountain sculpin (Cottus sp.) is driven by biogeography and flow regime: Implications for mitigating altered flow regime to freshwater fishes

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个体发育对黄海南部金乌贼角质颚形态的影响

为了探究个体发育和食性对金乌贼角质颚形态的影响。实验采用几何形态测量学地标点法对2018年11月—2019年3月在黄海南部采集的金乌贼角质颚进行形态分析,共对138对金乌贼的上、下颚分别定义了27个地标点进行分析。结果显示,①不同发育阶段的金乌贼上、下颚的大小、形态及异速生长模式均存在显著差异,并且不同性别的上颚形态存在显著差异。②未成熟期的金乌贼角质颚的喙部较弯曲和尖锐,亚成熟期的角质颚头盖和翼部变宽,喙部也较尖锐,而成熟期的角质颚喙部短钝,侧壁较尖长,下颚翼部宽大。研究表明,不同发育阶段角质颚的发育机制可能是为更好地适应摄食对象变更,满足摄食需求做出的响应。这些与个体生长发育和摄食习性相关的表型可塑性反映了金乌贼角质颚的生长规律和金乌贼对食物资源的适应性利用。本研究通过分析金乌贼角质颚形态的生长变化,完善了金乌贼的基础生物学信息,为金乌贼资源的合理利用提供一定的科学依据。     

文蛤属2种贝类多变量形态分析及日本文蛤的物种有效性

为探讨日本文蛤与中国文蛤属2种贝类的形态差异及日本文蛤的物种有效性,采用多变量形态度量,结合传统分类方法,获得日本文蛤和中国大陆文蛤属2种贝类8个形态比例性状,并做单因素方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析、判别分析及Mantel检验。结果表明,(1) 单因子方差分析显示,日本文蛤与中国大陆文蛤属2种贝类,在8个比例性状中存在着5~8个显著差异(P<0.05);(2) 聚类分析表明,6个文蛤地理种群距离相近,且呈现南北分别聚为一类,而日本文蛤与长乐丽文蛤相近;(3) 主成分分析构建了3个主成分,其贡献率分别为34.88%、18.61%、16.89%,累积贡献率为70.38%,三维主成分散布图进一步表明日本文蛤与丽文蛤均独立于文蛤不同地理种群重叠区之外;(4) 判别分析构建了8个判别函数,判别准确率P₁为39.09%~100%,P₂为47.06%~100%,日本文蛤与中国大陆文蛤属2种贝类的综合判别率为70.60%,其中日本文蛤判别准确率为100%,丽文蛤判别准确率高于91.67%;(5) Mantel检验结果表明,各种群间的地理距离与欧氏距离之间存在显著相关性(r=0.623 7, P<0.01)。研究认为,日本文蛤属于丽文蛤,与长乐丽文蛤属于同一种不同地理种群;根据MAYR等提出的75%规则,8个比例性状中有5个性状大于1.28,两个丽文蛤群体已达到亚种水平。     

中国长江与荷兰野生中华绒螯蟹的头胸甲形态特征比较

为鉴别长江水系与荷兰野生中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis),运用基于地标点法的几何形态测量学方法比较两群体绒螯蟹头胸甲的形态特征差异。结果表明:(1)主成分分析结果显示两群体之间无散点重叠,可以各自形成较为集中的区域;(2)网格变形图显示两群体头胸甲的形态差异主要为额刺和侧刺长度;(3)逐步判别分析中两群体的判别准确率均为100%,综合判别率较高。综上,以头胸甲为研究对象的地标点几何形态测量法可以有效区分长江和荷兰野生中华绒螯蟹。     

Preliminary evidences of colour differences in European sea bass reared under organic protocols

Product diversification, among which organic farming, is an important issue in modern aquaculture activities. Discriminating organic vs. conventional products is complex, but appearance may help in tracing different batches of produce. To test this fact, sea basses were fed a commercial or an organic diet, and fishes of each different group were photographed before and during the experiment. Body landmarks were digitized on each colour-calibrated (using the TPS-3D algorithm) image; on the basis of landmarks configuration, the RGB matrices were warped using a geometric morphometrics procedure. The calibrated colour matrix of each warped individual (195 × 135,225) was analyzed with a 50–50 MANOVA, followed by a partial least squares discriminant analysis. Finally, a cluster analysis on the diet/time groups was performed. Growth and changes in condition factor over time are not dependent on the rearing method. Colour (as represented by the pixel vector) does depend on time and on rearing method, based on the MANOVA method used. Standard length and condition factor were not good predictors of colour. The partial least square discriminant analysis was highly effective in detecting colour differences on the basis of the fish diet. The 9-group dendrogram showed that the wild sample and the organic fish cluster together. The head, darker in fishes raised conventionally, is the part showing the greatest difference; the longer the life spent under the 2 regimens, the stronger the differences. In conclusion, these preliminary results demonstrate that a colorimetric analysis is able to distinguish 2 batches of fishes fed different diets in different environmental conditions and – in the present instance – to certify the organically grown sea basses.     

长江和闽江水系野生中华绒螯蟹及其养殖子一代形态特征比较

为鉴别长江与闽江野生水系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)及其养殖子一代,运用基于地标点法的几何形态测量学方法研究两群体野生个体及其养殖子一代头胸甲的形态特征差异。先通过地标点法提取头胸甲上特征点的坐标值,然后进行相对扭曲主成分分析和判别分析来区分4群体头胸甲,最后利用薄板样条分析和网格变形将头胸甲形态变异矢量可视化。结果表明:长江和闽江水系野生个体被完全分为两块较集中的区域,而两野生群体养殖子一代频繁交叉出现,各组不能形成较集中区域;网格变形图显示各群体头胸甲的形态差异主要为额刺和侧刺长度;逐步判别分析中两野生群体的判别准确率均为100%,而两野生群体养殖子一代判别准确率为40%~60%,存在明显的错判风险;聚类分析先将两野生群体养殖子代聚为一类,然后与长江野生个体聚为独立的一支,最终与闽江野生个体相聚。综上,长江与闽江野生中华绒螯蟹形态特征差异较大,但这些形态特征差异在人工养殖一代后基本消失,因此形态学特征不能区分长江与闽江野生中华绒螯蟹养殖子一代。     

Inter- and intraspecific morphometric variation and characterization of Phytophthora isolates from cocoa

Difficulties in the accurate identification of the Phytophthora species responsible for black pod disease of cocoa continue to hamper effective disease control. A re-evaluation of morphological characters ( Brasier & Griffin, 1979 ) and a detailed morphometric analysis of 161 Phytophthora isolates largely associated with black pod disease of cocoa from 17 countries worldwide have shown considerable inter- and intraspecific variation. Stable and more reliable parameters for the identification of the species responsible for the disease have been determined. Colony characteristics such as pattern and growth rate on V8 agar are reasonably characteristic for the cocoa Phytophthora species, and can be used to make preliminary identification to species level. Significant sporangial character variation was found within isolates of species from the same and different sources, highlighting the difficulties in making accurate identification on the basis of raw morphological data. Pedicel length was found to be the most consistent species-linked sporangial characteristic. Cluster plots of length/breadth ratios of sporangia versus reciprocals of sporangial pedicel length clearly separated all isolates into distinct species groups ( P. capsici , P. citrophthora , P. palmivora and P. megakarya ) and can be used reliably to identify accurately those pathogens involved in black pod disease outbreaks.     

基于地标点几何形态测量法识别北部湾4种白姑鱼矢耳石形态

利用2010 年4 月至2010 年10月采自北部湾海域的49尾截尾白姑鱼(Pennahia anea)、50尾大头白姑鱼(P. macrocephalus)、49尾斑鳍白姑鱼(P. pawak )和29 尾白姑鱼(P．argentata)矢耳石样本, 运用基于地标点法的几何形态测量学方法研究了4种鱼类矢耳石形态识别问题。耳石经图像处理后提取地标点坐标值, 进行相对扭曲主成分分析, 通过判别分析来区分4种白姑鱼的耳石, 利用薄板样条分析和网格变形将耳石形态变异矢量可视化。结果表明, 在相对扭曲主成分分析中, 第1、2、3主成分分别解释了总变异的46.57%、25.39%和10.02%, 降维效果较好。其中Ⅰ型地标点6、7, Ⅱ型地标点5、8, 贡献作用较大, 解释了主要形态变异, 表明白姑鱼属的矢耳石形态差异主要表现在听沟“蝌蚪纹”的颈部、头宽部和尾部。逐步判别分析和交互验证结果显示, 截尾白姑鱼、大头白姑鱼和斑鳍白姑鱼的区分效果明显, 判别成功率在81.6%~100%, 白姑鱼区分效果不明显, 判别成功率为58.6%。研究结果表明, 利用石首鱼科特有的“蝌蚪纹”形态进行4种白姑鱼矢耳石种类识别, 存在一定的错判风险, 需要在相关耳石形态学研究与摄食生态学应用中引起注意。本研究以北部湾4种白姑鱼属鱼类矢耳石为例, 利用二维图像分析技术, 检验基于地标法的几何形态测量学方法在4种白姑鱼耳石形态变异和耳石识别应用上的适宜性, 以及听沟“蝌蚪纹”等主要形态特征在白姑鱼属种类识别的有效性, 以期为进一步开展耳石形态学在石首鱼科种类鉴定与系统进化、摄食生态学和渔业群体识别中的应用提供参考和科学依据。

     

2个纯合体色品系大瓶螺的几何形态测量学研究

为了探究大瓶螺(Pomacea canaliculata)体色、性别与贝壳形态之间的关系,运用几何形态测量学方法,对来自于人工繁育的F5纯合体色品系37只深褐色个体(26♀♀,11♂♂)、34只黄色个体(14♀♀,20♂♂)贝壳的正壳口观、壳口观、壳顶观进行地标标点,获得贝壳的形态信息。运用主成分分析和典型变量分析,检测出不同体色、性别个体间的差异。通过各个标点对于相对扭曲的贡献率,探究其形态变化趋势。主成分分析结果表明,不同体色个体的贝壳形态存在着明显差异,正壳口观较壳口观及壳顶观更能体现贝壳差异;而不同体色的贝壳差异均不及相同体色不同性别个体间贝壳的差异。典型变量分析结果通过普氏距离和马氏距离得以反映,所有组别间的马氏距离均有显著性差异,而普氏距离仅在壳顶观的深褐色和黄色雌螺间以及壳顶观的深褐色和黄色雄螺间无显著差异;对正壳口观各标点对相对扭曲的贡献率分析表明,贝壳形态的变化主要集中在壳口上半部,支持不同体色和性别的大瓶螺在贝壳形态上存在显著差异的结论。发掘大瓶螺中所存在的这些差异对探究不同体色个体的适应性差异提供了重要参考,也表明几何形态测量学可以作为贝壳形态研究的有效方法应用于贝类形态学和种群分析等研究中。