基于地标点几何形态测量法区分不同水系野生中华绒螯蟹

为鉴别不同地理种群野生中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis),运用基于地标点法的几何形态测量学方法研究长江、黄河、辽河、瓯江、闽江及图们江中野生中华绒螯蟹头胸甲的形态特征。主要步骤为先通过地标点法提取中华绒螯蟹头胸甲上特征点的坐标值,然后进行相对扭曲主成分分析和判别分析来区分 6 种群中华绒螯蟹头胸甲,最后利用薄板样条分析和网格变形将头胸甲形态变异矢量可视化。结果表明:(1)主成分散点图显示各群体之间虽有部分重叠,但大体可以形成较为集中的区域;(2)网格变形图显示各群体头胸甲的形态差异主要为额刺和侧刺长度;(3)逐步判别分析中各群体的判别准确率为 80%~96%,存在一定的错判风险;(4)聚类分析将 6 群体中华绒螯蟹聚为两支,其中长江、黄河、瓯江和闽江个体被聚为一支,辽河和图们江个体被聚为另外一支。综上,以头胸甲为研究对象的地标点几何形态测量法是区分不同水系野生中华绒螯蟹的有效手段,但仍需要结合传统形态学测量方及遗传结构分析加以辅助证实。     

叶尔羌高原鳅不同地理群体形态差异分析

本研究基于多变量形态度量学的方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅(Triplophysa yarkandensis) 3个地理群体共计509尾样本的11个形态指标和22个框架指标进行多元统计分析。非参数检验显示,叶尔羌高原鳅3个地理群体的31项比例性状中,4~9/体长(BL)存在显著差异(P<0.05),体高(BD)/BL等26项比例性状存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。主成分分析显示,前3个主成分贡献率分别为25.0%、14.0%和9.3%,累计贡献率为48.3%,差异主要体现在机体头部和躯干前段;聚类分析与主成分分析结果基本一致,叶尔羌河群体与塔里木河群体先汇为一支,后与和田河群体汇为一支,即叶尔羌河群体与塔里木河群体形态差异较小,和田河较另外2个群体形态差异较大。构建判别方程并进行交互验证,判别成功率分别为88.48%、88.89%和87.73%,综合判别率为88.37%,表明由判别分析筛选出9个形态比例性状对叶尔羌高原鳅不同地理群体的判定是可行的。研究表明,塔里木河水系的特殊性造成不同河流生境中叶尔羌高原鳅群体存在形态差异,可通过多元分析对其进行有效区分,但栖息环境的不同可能是引起机体形态学特征差异或适应进化的主要原因     

果蔬可食涂膜保鲜的应用和发展

论述了影响果蔬贮藏过程中的成熟和衰老的因素，分析了可食涂膜保鲜法的成膜材料、应用效果及涂膜方法。可食涂膜保鲜对延长果蔬的保藏期具有优良的效果，但因影响保鲜效果的因素较多，目前在国内可食涂膜还未广泛的应用。从仿生理论着手，分析耐贮果蔬表皮的形貌和成分，对完善果蔬涂膜保鲜的研究具有指导意义。可食涂膜还可作为某些可延缓果蔬衰老或品质下降的生物活性物质的载体，形成具有生理活性的包装，使可食涂膜具有更广阔的应用前景。     

孟加拉鲥、美洲鲥和中国鲥形态学比较分析

观察、解剖107尾孟加拉鲥Tenualosa ilisha、美洲鲥Alosa sapidissima和中国鲥Tenualosa reevesii,详细记叙了孟加拉鲥外部形态和内部结构,运用传统形态学方法比较分析了3种鲥鱼的形态差异.三者形态7项可量性状比值的聚类分析结果显示,孟加拉鲥和中国鲥先聚为一类,再和美洲鲥聚为一类,这与它们的分类地位相一致.外观上,孟加拉鲥臀鳍鳍条短,被1层薄鳞覆盖;美洲鲥的纵列鳞数及体长/体高、体长/头长都大于其他2种鲥鱼.可数性状上,第一外鳃弓鳃耙和脊椎骨数目能明显区分3种鲥鱼.孟加拉鲥、中国鲥和美洲鲥的第一外鳃弓鳃耙数分别为181～219+153～224、95～131+170～175和24～31+47～55;脊椎骨数分别为46～48、37～39和55～57.在内部结构上,根据胃的形状、盲囊部的大小、幽门垂的长短和数量、肠道的弯曲数目及相对长度可以准确鉴定这3种鲥鱼.孟加拉鲥肠道最长,中国鲥次之,美洲鲥肠道最短.3种鲥鱼在消化道结构的差异,预示食性已产生分化.     

Sexual dimorphism in limb long bones of the German Shepherd Dog

The study of sexual dimorphism in dog anatomy, especially with regard to skeletal elements, has received little attention. The present work focuses on elements of the canine stylo- and zeugopodium, less documented than the skull or pelvis in the literature. In order to identify only sex-dependent effects, we analysed a single breed: the German Shepherd Dog. Data come from 25 dogs, with a balanced sex ratio (12 males and 13 females). Four skeletal elements of the forelimb and hindlimb (humerus, radius, femur, tibia) were each measured using seven linear morphometric variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then performed on these 28 variables. For all measurements, males are on average larger than females, with a mean sexual dimorphism ratio of 1.07. Sexual dimorphism is significant for 92.8% of the variables. Except of femoral measurements, diaphyseal values show the highest grade of sexual dimorphism. The mean level of disparity is higher in the forelimb (1.08) than in the hindlimb (1.05). A significant dimorphism is shown for the first component of principal component analyses conducted on each skeletal element, and for the second component with humerus measurements. Discriminant functions for sex identification give success rates included between 82% for the radius and 93% for the femur, the latter providing the highest reported score for sex identification in dogs from any skeletal element. These complementary statistic methods highlight a more dimorphic forelimb in size and a more dimorphic hindlimb in shape.     

Diet-induced phenotypic plasticity in the skull morphology of hatchery-reared Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus

Abstract –  Hatchery-reared Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus , feed on inert pellet food while their wild counterparts capture elusive prey. Differences in levels of prey elusivity often mandate the use of alternate methods of prey capture. This study examines whether elusivity-based variation in prey capture translates to a phenotypic change during skull development, and if this change results in a functional difference in the feeding mechanism. The developmental pattern of the skull was conserved between hatchery and wild bass until 80–99 mm TL. At this point, wild bass quickly developed morphological changes of the jaw apparatus including a more fusiform head and elongated jaw structures. Natural development in hatchery bass, however, was retarded at this size. Post-release, the skulls of hatchery fish converged towards those of wild bass by 135 mm TL. Despite variation in skull development, no theoretical advantage in food capture was found between these two groups.     

Body and Wing Allometries Reveal Flight-Fecundity Tradeoff in Response to Larval Provisioning in Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Variation in body size has important implications for physical performance and fitness. For insects, adult size and morphology are determined by larval growth and metamorphosis. Female blue orchard bees, Osmia lignaria, (Say) provision a finite quantity of food to their offspring. In this study, we asked how provision-dependent variation in size changes adult morphology. We performed a diet manipulation in which some larvae were starved in the final instar and some were given unlimited food. We examined the consequences on adult morphology in two ways. First, allometric relationships between major body regions (head, thorax, abdomen) and total body mass were measured to determine relative growth of these structures. Second, morphometrics that are critical for flight (wing area, wing loading, and extra flight power index) were quantified. Head and thorax mass had hyperallometric relationships with body size, indicating these parts become disproportionately large in adults when larvae are given copious provisions. However, abdominal mass and wing area increased hypoallometrically with body size. Thus, large adults had disproportionately lighter abdomens and smaller wing areas than smaller adults. Though both males and females followed these general patterns, allometric patterns were affected by sex. For flight metrics, small adults had reduced wing loading and an increased extra flight power index. These results suggest that diet quantity alters development in ways that affect the morphometric trait relationships in adult O. lignaria and may lead to functional differences in performance.     

Phenotypic plasticity is maintained despite geographical isolation in an African cichlid fish,Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor

Gene flow among populations in different selective environments should favor the evolution of phenotypic plasticity over local adaptation. Plasticity in development is a common response to long‐term hypoxia in some widespread African fishes, including Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor, a cichlid that exploits both normoxic (high oxygen) rivers/lakes and hypoxic (low oxygen) swamps. Previous studies have shown that fish from normoxic and hypoxic sites differ in many traits, including gill size, brain size and body shape, and that much of this variation reflects developmental plasticity. However, these earlier studies focused on areas in Uganda where gene flow between swamp and river or lake populations is high. In this study we tested the hypothesis that P. multicolor from a relatively isolated lake population (Lake Saka, Uganda) exhibit low levels of plasticity in traits related to oxygen uptake. Multiple broods of P. multicolor from Lake Saka were reared under low and high dissolved oxygen, and traits related to gill size, brain mass and body shape were quantified. Surprisingly, both gill size and brain mass showed high levels of developmental plasticity. We suggest that high levels of plasticity, particularly in the gill size of P. multicolor, reflects low costs of maintaining the plastic response, even in relatively isolated populations.     

新月弯孢菌及其近似菌菌落形态和可溶性蛋白电泳图谱比较分析

通过对分离自玉米及其他寄主的 12个新月弯孢菌菌株和 5个近似菌株菌落形态及可溶性蛋白电泳谱比较分析 ,表明菌落形态在不同种之间存在明显的差异 ,同种之间也存在一定差异 ,但不稳定和存在变异。 17个菌株可溶性蛋白SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示 ,Curvularia属在Rf值为 0.177处有一条该属的特征蛋白带 ,新月弯孢菌在Rf值为0.225处有一条该种的特征蛋白带 ,但新月弯孢菌蛋白带存在多样性 ,聚类分析将未能确定的 13号菌株定为不等弯孢菌     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for growth‐related traits in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

The swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is an economically important species in Asian aquaculture. Implementing growth‐related traits of P. trituberculatus into genetic breeding programmes is an ongoing effort. We used a previously published genetic linkage map of P. trituberculatus, containing 55 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 172 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth‐related traits in a single full sibling F₂ family. Ten growth‐related traits were measured for QTL mapping. Composite interval mapping identified 9 QTL on the female map and 16 on the male map. Individual QTL with additive effects explained 11–38% of the phenotypic variance for various traits using the female parent's map, and from 1% to 21% using the male parent's map. Two QTL explaining a large percentage of variation in body weight were detected on chromosome 17 on the female map, and on chromosome 16 on the male map, and contributed 38% and 18% of the phenotypic variance respectively. This is the first study to report the detection and positioning of major QTL affecting growth in a true crab species (Brachyura). The mapping of growth‐related QTL in this study raises the possibility of improving the growth of P. trituberculatus through marker‐assisted selection.