Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes controlling the tocopherol synthesis pathway in soybean (Glycine max)

A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their candidate genes controlling the tocopherol (Toc) synthesis pathway. The RIL population was cultivated in field conditions in 3 years. A genetic map constructed using 1624 DNA markers was used for QTL analysis. We identified 22 QTLs for seed tocopherol contents and their ratios, of which two QTL clusters on chromosomes (Chr) 9 and 14 exerted consistent large effects on tocopherol composition across the 3 years. The QTL cluster localized on Chr 9 might correspond to γ-TMT3, which controls the conversion of γ-Toc into α-Toc. The QTL cluster localized on Chr 14 was novel, which might regulate the conversion of MPBQ (a precursor of δ-Toc) into DMPBQ (the precursor of γ-Toc). The effect of the QTL cluster on Chr 14 was validated in a pair of near isogenic lines, and its candidate gene was mined. The identified QTLs and their candidate genes might be used in breeding programmes to improve α-Toc content in soybean seeds.     

有氧运动训练对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼形态特征的影响

为了考察有氧运动训练对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼形态特征的影响,在(25±0.5)℃水温条件下,将大小相当的144尾中华倒刺鲃幼鱼(19.52±0.03)g,(10.29±0.02) cm轻度麻醉后随机分为4组:对照组、1 bl/s(体长/秒)训练组、2 bl/s训练组和4 bl/s训练组,在相应流速下训练8周(18 h/d)后,从各实验组中各随机挑选中华倒刺鲃,幼鱼12尾,测量并计算其形态特征参数.结果显示1 bl/s训练组尾柄侧面积显著大于对照组(p＜0.05);2 bl/s训练组的腹鳍前长、头长、叉长、尾柄侧面积及尾鳍面积等参数均显著大于对照组(p＜0.05);而4 bl/s训练组头高、体高、体高与体长比显著大于对照组(p＜0.05),其他形态参数较对照组无显著差异.研究结果表明有氧运动训练对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的形态特征产生了显著影响;中华倒刺鲃幼鱼在不同流速下表现出的形态特征差异可能与其游泳速度和能量消耗相关.     

不同播期和密度处理对超短季棉个体形态发育的影响

[目的]探讨不同播期和密度处理对超短季棉品种个体发育动态的影响,明晰它们对棉花营养生长和生殖生长的效应,为黄河流域冀东棉区棉花种植的播期和密度管理提供理论和实践指导。[方法]以超短季抗虫棉546系为材料,探讨了不同播期（播期I：5月20日．播期Ⅱ：6月2日,播期Ⅲ：6月14日）和密度（低密度：127万株／hm^2,中密度：15万株／hm＾2,高密度：18万株/hm＾2）处理对其个体生长发育动态的影响。[结果]不同的播期和密度处理对超短季棉546系的个体生长发育具有明显的影响,其中播期的影响效力要高于密度的影响效力,而播期对于棉株个体果枝数量发育的影响效力又明显高于对主茎伸长生长和加粗生长的影响效力。[结论]在黄河流域的冀中棉区对超短季棉546系栽培过程中,可以通过播期和密度的调控,有效地促进其营养生长和生殖生长,夯实其产量基础。     

木荷地理种源苗期性状遗传变异研究

对采自6省(区)37个木荷种源种子进行了苗期试验,结果表明：木荷种源间苗高、地径、生物量有着极显著的差异,且有较高的广义遗传力。木荷苗高生长以8-9月份为速生期,这时期的生长占年生长的50％～56％,苗高和地径生长与纬度呈极显著负相关,说明通过木荷种源选择,能取得较好的效果,并初步筛选出广东开平、阳山、韶关,福建华安,江西上犹等苗期生长表现突出的种源。     

Responses of root growth of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Fabaceae) to different simulated groundwater depths in the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert,China

Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Fabaceae) is a spiny, perennial herb. The species grows in the salinized, arid regions in North China. This study investigated the response characteristics of the root growth and the distribution of one-year-old A. sparsifolia seedlings to different groundwater depths in controlled plots. The ecological adaptability of the root systems of A. sparsifolia seedlings was examined using the artificial digging method. Results showed that: (1) A. sparsifolia seedlings adapted to an increase in groundwater depth mainly through increasing the penetration depth and growth rate of vertical roots. The vertical roots grew rapidly when soil moisture content reached 3%-9%, but slowly when soil moisture content was 13%-20%. The vertical roots stopped growing when soil moisture content reached 30% (the critical soil moisture point). (2) The morphological plasticity of roots is an important strategy used by A. sparsifolia seedlings to obtain water and adapt to dry soil conditions. When the groundwater table was shallow, horizontal roots quickly expanded and tillering increased in order to compete for light resources, whereas when the groundwater table was deeper, vertical roots developed quickly to exploit space in the deeper soil layers. (3) The decrease in groundwater depth was probably responsible for the root distribution in the shallow soil layers. Root biomass and surface area both decreased with soil depth. One strategy of A. sparsifolia seedlings in dealing with the increase in groundwater depth is to increase root biomass in the deep soil layers. The relationship between the root growth/distribution of A. sparsifolia and the depth of groundwater table can be used as guidance for harvesting A. sparsifolia biomass and managing water resources for forage grasses. It is also of ecological significance as it reveals how desert plants adapt to arid environments.     

Identification and verification of quantitative trait loci for eating and cooking quality of rice (Oryza sativa)

This study was conducted to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that have stable effects for eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. Three recombinant inbred line populations of indica rice were each planted in two years. Three traits for ECQ, amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV), were measured for QTL analysis. A total of 13 QTLs were detected, including four for AC, six for ASV and three for GC. Two QTLs, qGC4 in the interval RM16252–RM335 on the short arm of chromosome 4 and qGC6.2 in the Alk region, were validated in a population derived from a residual heterozygote that was homozygous at the major locus Wx. In the absence of segregation at the Wx locus, qGC4 and qGC6.2 had additive effects of 2.46 and 8.18 mm, respectively, offering a potential for improving GC property of rice varieties. Comparison between qGC4 and previous results suggests that qGC4 is likely a new QTL for GC, providing a candidate for gene cloning and functional characterization.     

籼型杂交早稻稻米品质性状的种子、细胞质和母体遗传效应分析

研究早籼杂交稻稻米品质性状的种子、细胞质和母体遗传效应,能为品质遗传改良提供理论依据.本研究以6个籼型不同胞质类型的三系不育系为母本,5个旱籼恢复系为父本,按不完全双列杂交设计,采用禾谷类作物种子数量性状平均数遗传模型,分析了旱籼杂交稻品质性状的遗传效应.结果表明糙米率、精米率、粒长、垩白粒率、直链淀粉含量、碱消值、整...     

培养条件对有害疣孢霉生长的影响

为了对双孢蘑菇褐腐病的科学生态防控提供理论依据,测定了4株形态差异较大的有害疣孢霉菌(GS 0036,HN 0015,SD 007,WH 001)在常见蘑菇煎汁培养基、不同光质条件和不同浓度盐溶液条件下的菌丝生长速度、厚垣孢子产生量、分生孢子萌发情况和耐盐性。结果表明:除灵芝煎汁外,6种常见蘑菇煎汁培养基对供试菌株厚垣孢子的产生均优于PDA培养基;不同光质对有害疣孢霉菌影响不同,SD007菌株在红光下菌丝生长速度最快,其他3种菌株均在黑/白交替光质下菌丝生长最快,短波光(蓝光)能抑制有害疣孢霉菌丝的生长及厚垣孢子的产生;4株有害疣孢霉的菌丝生长量和厚垣孢子产生量随着NaCl浓度的升高均明显下降,NaCl溶液对HN 0015抑制效果最明显,当NaCl浓度在24g/L时所有有害疣孢霉菌菌株的分生孢子几乎不萌发。     

减施氮肥对芝麻农艺性状、光合特性及产量的影响

为研究减施氮肥对芝麻农艺性状、光合及产量的影响,以郑太芝4号为试验材料,在大田设置不施氮肥（N0）、减施氮肥（75 kg·hm^-2,N1）、常规氮肥（150 kg·hm^-2,N2）和高施氮肥（225 kg·hm^-2,N3）共4个处理,系统研究不同处理下芝麻在苗期、现蕾期、初花期、盛花期、终花期和成熟期植株叶片的光合特性及收获期的农艺性状和产量、品质等。结果表明,与N2处理相比,N1处理的主茎果轴长度、单株蒴数、单蒴粒数、千粒重无显著变化;株高显著下降;单株产量略微增加,但未达到显著水平;经济系数增加6.10%。N0处理的株高、主茎果轴长度、单株蒴数、单蒴粒数、千粒重、单株产量和经济系数较N2分别显著降低15.89%、12.70%、25.67%、6.38%、10.00%、40.15%和16.43 %。从干物质积累来看,N1处理的根干重、叶干重、茎干重、蒴果皮干重、总干物质重和粒蒴比与N2处理差异不显著;N0处理的根干重、茎干重、蒴果皮干重、总干物质和粒蒴比重较N2分别显著降低19.40%、25.40%、28.40%、27.57%和9.83%。从光合特性来看,N1处理的净光合速率（net photosynthetic rate,P_n）、蒸腾速率（transpiration rate,T_r）、水分利用率（water use efficiency, WUE）、气孔导度（stomatal conductance,G_s）和胞间CO₂浓度（intercellular CO₂ concentration,C_i）与N2处理差异不显著;N0处理的P_n和WUE分别较N2处理降低8.15%和8.52%。综上所述,氮肥减施50%对芝麻农艺性状、产量性状及光合特性无显著影响,为芝麻高产、高效栽培提供了理论指导与技术支撑。     

牛GDF9和BMP15基因遗传变异与双胎性状的关系研究

以生长分化因子9(Growth differentiation factor 9,GDF9)基因和骨形态发生蛋白15(Bone morphogenet-ic protein 15,BMP15)基因作为牛双胎性状的候选基因,研究了它们在鲁西牛、秦川牛、南阳牛和中国荷斯坦牛4个品种中的遗传变异,并在鲁西牛群体中研究了其多态位点与双胎性状的关系。结果表明:在鲁西牛中GDF9基因的3′UTR发现缺失突变,而其它3个品种中没有发现该突变。对鲁西牛群体中该多态位点与单、双胎性状之间进行卡方显著性检验表明,单胎牛群体与双胎牛群体基因型分布有极显著的差异(P=0.006),双胎牛群体的B等位基因频率明显大于单胎牛群体。通过生物信息学分析表明,突变体mRNA的二级结构与野生型相比总自由能值差异不大,但突变体mRNA翻译起始位点的二级结构稳定性明显大于野生型。在鲁西牛、南阳牛和秦川牛的BMP15基因中发现编码区第759~762位有GAAA 4个碱基存在缺失突变,但没有检测到突变纯合个体,中国荷斯坦牛中没有检测到该突变。卡方显著性检验表明单胎牛群体和双胎牛群体在该位点基因型组成差异不显著(P=0.947)。