甘蓝型油菜抗菌核病近等基因系和感病亲本蛋白差异的初步研究

【目的】建立适合于提取油菜叶片全蛋白的三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法,为今后油菜蛋白质组学的研究提供参考,明确菌核菌诱导抗、感菌核病油菜后的蛋白差异表达情况,为寻找抗菌核病基因提供线索。【方法】以油菜抗菌核病近等基因系98C40(抗原来自湘油15)和感菌核病亲本98C40为材料,在其生长的苗期阶段,接种菌核菌72 h之后,分别提取其叶片全蛋白。运用双向电泳技术、PD-quest软件、质谱技术对其进行差异蛋白质组分析。【结果】检测到抗病98C40(抗原来自湘油15)与感病亲本98C40之间有4个差异蛋白点,蛋白点a,线粒体ATP合酶F1β亚基(mitochondrial F1 ATP synthase beta subunit);蛋白点c,磷酸甘油酸激酶(phosphoglycerate kinas);蛋白点d,噻唑生物合成酶(THI1);这3个蛋白只在抗病98C40(抗原来自湘油15)上表达,而在感病亲本98C40上不表达。蛋白点b,1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase);按5倍差异表达量计算,在抗病98C40(抗原来自湘油15)上高表达,而在感病亲本98C40上低表达。【结论】这4个蛋白都是油菜代谢相关蛋白,它们可能在油菜抗菌核病的反应中发挥作用。     

光温敏不育水稻不育性表达不稳定的遗传机制与原因综述

光温敏不育系不育性表达不稳定是近年来两系杂交水稻研究和应用中遇到的一大难题。为寻求克服这一难题的有效途径和方法，对不育性表达不稳定的遗传机制及其产生原因进行深入分析和探讨是十分必要的。界定了不育性表达不稳定的含义，综述了水稻光温敏不育系育性表达的种种复杂表现、不育起点温度漂变现象及其克服办法，着重论述了光温敏不育系不育性表达不稳定的遗传机制及原因。认为导致不育的起点温度受微效多基因控制是光温敏不育系不育性表达不稳定的遗传机制，不育起点温度上的遗传基础不纯或遗传杂合性是导致不育性表达不稳定的内在原因，并提出在育种上应充分考虑不育性表达的数量性状特征，采取花培育种途径或在杂交育种中采用系谱法和混合法相结合的后代选择方法，以达到选育不育性表达稳定的光温敏不育系的目的。     

两个小麦抗赤霉变异系的抗性及RAPD分析

在禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素胁迫下,通过幼胚培养无性系的筛选,获得了QK-02和HK-04两个抗赤霉病的小麦变异系,与其供体亲本相比,抗赤性明显提高,其它个别性状虽略有改变,但其综合性状表现与其亲本基本相似。用524个随机引物对两个变异系和各自亲本及苏麦3号进行RAPD分析,结果显示,变异系QK-02与亲本西农1376间存在多态片段的引物有11个,变异率为2.1%,在这些多态片段中,S3471220和S3751360在苏麦3号上也能检测到;变异系HK-04与亲本花育888间有15条引物有多态片段,变异率为2.86%,在这些多态片段中,S149620在苏麦3号上也能检测到。RAPD分析结果表明,两个抗赤霉变异系与亲本的抗病性差异是由于遗传物质的改变引起的,其抗赤霉病性是可以稳定遗传的。在抗病变异系与亲本及苏麦3号上筛选到的3个分子标记(S3471220、S3751360和S149620)可能与小麦赤霉病抗性有关。     

玉米DH系产量及其构成因素一般配合力相关性分析

对玉米主要产量性状GCA间的相互关系及产量性状表型值与其相应GCA间的相关系数进行了分析。结果表明,单株产量GCA与穗长、穗粗、行粒数、轴粗和百粒重5个性状的GCA呈极显著正相关关系,与穗行数相关不显著。通径分析表明,穗粗、穗长、行粒数和百粒重GCA对单株产量GCA有较大的直接作用,是影响单株产量GCA的主要因素。产量性状表型值与其相应GCA间无显著关系,表明杂交育种中通过表型选择不能提高产量性状的GCA,必须要通过测交鉴定才能筛选出高GCA的后代。     

浙江省水稻新品种(系)对稻瘟病的抗性研究

用4个稻瘟病菌小种对浙江省280份水稻新品种(系)进行稻瘟病抗性分析,结果表明:浙江省水稻新品种(系)对稻瘟病菌具有较好的抗性,籼稻和粳稻对参试菌株的全抗率分别为21.62%和39.05%,说明粳稻具有较籼稻更广的抗谱;浙江省新品种(系)对ZB13小种具有较高的感病率,籼稻和粳稻的感病率分别为69.37%和52.07%。     

玉米自交系幼苗与种子辐照效应的比较研究

采用不同剂量（0~200 Gy）的60Co-γ射线辐照玉米自交系的幼苗和种子,调查当代及后代的生长变化情况。结果发现：玉米幼苗最佳的辐照剂量是75~100 Gy,种子的最佳辐照剂量为100~150 Gy。分析两者在变异频率和变异性状上的差异,比较两种方式在操作上的优缺点,为辐射育种工作提供可靠的理论与技术参考。     

Phenolics in the bran of waxy wheat and triticale lines

The present study was designed to determine total phenolic acid contents (TPC) and compositions of bran from newly developed near-isogenic waxy wheat and triticale translocation lines. Two waxy wheat sets, Svevo (durum) and N11 (bread wheat), consisting of partial and waxy null lines and four sets of triticales (GDS7, Trim, Rhino and Rigel) having translocations at 1A.1D and 1R.1D with high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) 5 + 10 and 2 + 12 were investigated. Similar to non-waxy wheat, ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid found in waxy wheats analyzed. Two other major phenolics include p-coumaric and vanillic acids followed by lesser quantities of syringic acid. Waxy lines had higher TPC than the parent line in the N11 set, whereas the Svevo set showed the opposite trend. TPC of waxy bread wheats were correlated with amylose fractions in which the order was complete waxy < double waxy nulls < single waxy nulls. Lines with HMW-GS 2 + 12 have lower TPC than other lines in each group of triticales, except the Trim set. TPC was negatively correlated (r = −0.41; p > 0.1) with bran yields in triticale lines studied, indicating that variation in phenolics was not only due to bran yields but also to genotypic differences.     

Mo17衍生系组配杂交种对我国玉米生产的影响和贡献

Mo17玉米自交系具有高产、稳产、耐瘠性强、适应性广等特点,由其所组配的玉米杂交种在我国的玉米生产中产生了极其重要的作用.如中单2号、丹玉13、本育9号和烟单14等,这些玉米杂交种种植区域从南到北,从东到西都有种植的历史.随着时间流逝,Mo17玉米自交系明显表现出易感大小斑病、早衰等退化现象.针对上述现象,全国各育种单位先后选育出优良Mo17衍生系,如吉846、吉842、丹1324、龙抗11、4F1、419和495等,这些玉米自交系所组配的杂交种表现出稳产性好、抗病性强、适应性广的优点,深受吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古自治区和辽宁东部山区农民欢迎。     

糖能兼用甘蔗新品系宿根季评价

对近年选育的12个参试品系进行了产量、品质及其主要工农艺性状研究,结果表明:FN02-3924、FN02-5707和FN02-20169表现早熟、高产、高糖,且工农艺综合性状优良,推荐进一步试验研究.可望选育成为糖能兼用甘蔗新品种;FN02-6427也具有早熟、高产、高糖和茎粗等优点,但较早开花,有一定的推广价值,宜较早收获.早期锤度研究表明,FN02-3924 特早熟高糖,作能源甘蔗可提早2个多月开榨,具有广阔的应用前景.     

Genetic dissection of grain nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield and their relationship in rice

Breeding for improved grain yield (GY) and grain nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an important objective of many rice breeding programs. A better understanding of the genetics of these two complex traits and their genetic relationship is required for more efficient breeding. This study reports the results of a linkage mapping study conducted for these two traits using 127 rice recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Zhanshan 97/Minghui 63. Phenotypic data were collected under two nitrogen conditions in 2006 and 2007. For NUE, four and six QTLs were identified in 2006 and 2007, respectively. These QTLs were on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 7 and 11. For GY, nine and five QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 7 and 11 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between NUE and GY are positive and highly significant. Four genomic regions, including C86-C2340 on chromosome 1, RZ599-R1738 on chromosome 2, RZ471-C1023 on chromosome 7 and R3203-RM20a on chromosome 11, were found to contain QTLs for both NUE and GY. The effects of the co-located QTLs were in the same direction for NUE and GY, providing a genetic basis for the observed positive genetic correlation between the two traits. These genomic regions might be explored for the simultaneous improvement of NUE and GY in breeding.