我国农技推广高效协同创新研究——基于机制视角

农业技术推广是农业科技成果转化为现实生产力的关键环节,新时期推动农业农村高质量发展对传统农技推广模式的转型升级提出迫切要求,农业重大技术协同推广计划试点的实施探索了新机制,为打通“农业科技最后一公里”、助力乡村全面振兴开辟了新路径。基于对吉林、江西、湖北、内蒙古、江苏、浙江、广西和四川等8个试点省份的广泛调研,分析梳理农业重大技术协同推广的主要做法,研究总结不同于传统农技推广模式的新机制。研究发现,农业重大技术协同推广计划试点在实施中形成“高效协作”的组织实施机制、“互利共赢”的利益联结机制和“双向反馈”的信息贯通机制,实现农业技术推广的高效协同,有效克服传统农技推广面临的时代困境,是新时期应该大力推广的农技推广新模式。同时,针对存在的有关问题,就如何更好地实施农业重大技术协同推广计划试点提出相应政策建议。     

基于双阶段注意力机制和LSTM的鸡舍氨气浓度预测算法

为寻求准确的鸡舍氨气浓度预测方法,构建基于双阶段注意力机制和长短时记忆神经网络(Long shortterm memory,LSTM)的鸡舍氨气浓度预测模型,将该模型应用于山东省商河县某蛋鸡养殖场,采集二氧化碳(CO_2)、氧气(O_2)和氨气(NH_3)的体积分数,细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))质量浓度,温度,相对湿度时间序列数据对模型进行验证,并与支持向量回归(Support vector regression,SVR)、人工神经网络(Artificial neural network,ANN)模型和无注意力机制的LSTM模型对比研究。结果表明:1)不同时间窗口T下NH_3体积分数预测精度不同。T∈{2,3,4,8}时,均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)分别为0.433 4,0.394 8,0.379 9和0.405 1μL/L,平均绝对误差(Mean absolute error,MAE)分别为0.267 4,0.262 9,0.228 9和0.272 4μL/L;2)基于双阶段注意力机制和LSTM的鸡舍NH_3浓度预测模型在RMSE和MAE评价指标框架下优于SVR、ANN和无注意力机制的LSTM模型。基于双阶段注意机制和LSTM的模型能较好地对鸡舍氨气浓度进行预测,可为鸡舍氨气浓度预测及调控提供技术支持。     

金砖国家农业合作机制进展与展望

完善农业合作机制是推动国家间农业可持续发展与合作的重要路径。金砖国家（巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国、南非）农业合作机制是世界重要的多边农业合作机制之一,通过系统梳理金砖国家农业合作机制建立背景与意义、构建历程,探索其主要成绩与存在问题,展望未来趋势并提出相关建议。金砖国家农业合作已取得系列成效：国际地位提升明显、内部农产品贸易额增长较快、外资利用能力不断增强。但仍存在政治安全风险、缺乏落地平台、科技交流薄弱等问题。建议成立专项基金支持农业科技创新、完善农业信息交流平台、以双边协定促进多边贸易稳定性。     

乳源蜡样芽胞杆菌耐药性、毒力因子检测及分子特征研究

为了解乳品来源蜡样芽胞杆菌携带的毒力因子、分子特征及耐药性,对2016—2019年分离自乳品的122株蜡样芽胞杆菌,采用纸片扩散法（K-B纸片法）测定了分离株对氯霉素、庆大霉素等9种抗生素的耐药性,使用聚合酶链式反应法检测了菌株携带的毒力因子,同时采用脉冲场凝胶电泳（pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）检测分离株的分子特征。结果表明,122株蜡样芽胞杆菌均对氯霉素、庆大霉素、阿米卡星敏感;对红霉素、克林霉素和环丙沙星的中介率分别为5.74%、4.92%和0.82%, 9.84%的菌株对复方新诺明具有耐药性,8.20%的菌株对四环素具有耐药性,4.10%的菌株对利福平具有耐药性。122株蜡样芽孢杆菌都检出了蜡样芽孢杆菌的非溶血型肠毒素基因nheA、nheB及肠毒素FM基因entFM;nheC、bceT、cytK、hblA、hblC、hblD、ces和EM1基因的检出率分别为99.18%、37.70%、31.15%、29.51%、24.59%、8.20%、、6.56%和6.56%。122株蜡样芽胞杆菌被分成15簇,未见明显的优势带型。由此可见,2016—2019年收集的蜡样芽胞杆菌乳品分离株携带多种毒力基因,约10%的菌株对复方新诺明、四环素、利福平等具有耐药性,PFGE呈现多种带型,为蜡样芽孢杆菌引起的食源性疾病的预警、预防和治疗提供参考。     

关于贝类遗传改良几个问题的讨论

贝类大多为雌雄异体，少数种类是雌雄同体，在雌雄异体的种类也有部分个体表现为雌雄同体，而且雌雄异体型贝类还常有性转变现象。养殖贝类大多行体外受精并具有配子量大、子裔数量多等特点。野生型贝类表型方差大，遗传变异水平高。可见，贝类是一群比较独特的动物，其生殖方面的某些特性与作物的共同点甚至超过与高等动物的共同点。因此仅依靠脊椎动物或植物的育种方法，难以解决好贝类的种质改良问题。     

Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding the β subunit of thyrotropin and regulation of its gene expression by thyroid hormones in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

A cDNA encoding the subunit of thyrotropin (TSH) was isolated from a goldfish (Carassius auratus) pituitary gland cDNA library. By comparing the sequence with other teleost TSHs, a signal peptide of 19 amino acids and a mature hormone of 131 amino acids were predicted for goldfish TSH subunits. The resulting putative mature hormone of 131 amino acids had well-conserved cysteine positions and a putative N-linked glycosylation site; homology was 51–67% with TSHs from other teleosts, 38–43% with tetrapod TSHs, but only 27 and 29% with goldfish GTH-I and -II, respectively. We also examined the effects of thyroid hormones (TH) and thiourea (TU, an inhibitor of TH production) treatments on TSH and GTH subunit gene expressions in the goldfish pituitary gland. After thyroxine (T₄) treatment, circulating T₄ concentration increased and TSH mRNA level decreased. Supressing the amount of circulating T₄ and triiodothyronine (T₃) by TU treatment increased the TSH mRNA level. Moreover, T₄ replacement therapy (simultaneous treatment of both TU and T₄) caused a high level of circulating T₄ and a low level of circulating T₃, and a decrease in the TSH mRNA level. Thus, changing levels of circulating TH exert a negative feedback on the level of TSH subunit mRNA in goldfish in vivo. On the other hand, GTH subunit mRNA levels were not affected by changes in the levels of circulating TH.     

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin analysis of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alexandrium</Emphasis> (Dinophyceae) occurring in Korean coastal waters

ABSTRACT:   Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins produced by Alexandrium isolates from Korea were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromography. Species designation of the regional isolates was determined by morphological criteria and ribotyping inferred from sequences of the 28S rDNA D1-D2 region. Toxin analysis performed at the exponential growth phase, revealed that the two strains of A. fraterculus were non-toxic, while the strains of A. tamarense and A. catenella were toxic. Toxic isolates DPC7 and DPC8 of A. catenella produced GTX1, 2, 3, 4, 5, dcGTX2, 3, C1, 2, neoSTX and STX with trace or non-detectable levels of C3 and C4, while isolates UL7, KDW981, SJW97043, SJW97046, KJC97111 and KJC97112 of A. tamarense produced GTX1, 2, 3, 4, dcGTX3, C1, 2, neoSTX with trace or non-detectable levels of C3, 4, dcSTX and STX, and no GTX5 and dcGTX2. The major toxins produced by A. catenella were C1 +2, and those of A. tamarense were C1 +2 and GTX4 in most of the isolates. A. tamarense strains other than SJW97046 produced a relatively high proportion of carbamate toxins, reflecting the high toxicity scores of shellfish intoxication in sampled coastal areas. Two representative toxic isolates, A. tamarense SJW97043 and A. catenella DPC7, were cultured for 30 days in batch mode and subjected to toxin analysis at 5-day intervals. Comparison of toxin productivity in terms of total toxin content, toxin components, and their variations with culture age revealed marked differences between the two strains.     

数字化转型下高校国有资产管理队伍激励机制探析

高校管理数字化转型为高校高质量发展提供强大科技动力,完善高校国有资产管理队伍的激励机制对保障国有资产数字化管理和提高管理队伍数字化管理能力至关重要。文章以北京高校为例,通过问卷和访谈的方式梳理高校国有资产管理队伍现有激励体系的问题,查找和分析激励机制不能有效发挥作用的原因,从高校管理数字化转型角度提出了激励高校国有资产管理队伍的建议,旨在为稳定高校国有资产管理队伍、激发工作热情和活力、培养数字化复合型人才提供理论依据和建议方案。     

鱼鳞坑开沟双犁体翻转机构研究设计

双犁体翻转机构是对已有的发明专利机型即鱼鳞坑开沟犁装置的进一步优化设计,解决了在单犁体鱼鳞坑开沟犁返程时因开沟翻土方向不在坡下而是在开出的沟上面的作业问题。新研制翻转式鱼鳞坑开沟工作结构装置,应用机械、液压、电控装置实现了不同土壤类型的鱼鳞坑开沟间距式作业,生产效率高,性能可靠,市场前景广阔。     

抗生素的高级氧化降解工艺与机理研究进展

介绍了高级氧化抗生素废水处理工艺,并综述了常见类型抗生素(β-内酰胺类、磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类)的降解机理。