温度影响下的稻纵卷叶螟实验种群动态的系统动力学模拟

温度是影响稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee）发育、存活和繁殖的关键生态因子之一。研究温度与稻纵卷叶螟种群数量变动的关系,可为害虫种群的控制提供科学依据。本文根据稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度处理下（19.0℃,22.0℃,25.0℃,28.0℃,31.0℃）的实验种群生命表,利用系统动力学的相关理论和方法构建仿真模型,对稻纵卷叶螟实验种群的数量动态进行了模拟,在此基础上预测成虫的产卵量,并通过敏感性分析确定了成虫产卵的最适温度。结果显示,在初始卵量均为100标准粒的情况下,温度过高（〉25.0℃）不利于稻纵卷叶螟实验种群低龄幼虫的生存和发育,温度过低或过高均不利于实验种群后期的发育和繁殖;随着温度的上升,稻纵卷叶螟的存活率和生殖力迅速提高,温度为25.0℃时世代存活率、次代产卵量达到最高值,分别为19.67%和1488.4头;稻纵卷叶螟成虫的最高产卵量出现在24.9℃。研究表明了系统动力学模型在害虫种群发育动态及预测方面有着良好的应用潜力。     

Linking habitat suitability and seed dispersal models in order to analyse the effectiveness of hydrological fen restoration strategies

The effectiveness of measures targeted at the restoration of populations of endangered species in anthropogenically dominated regions is often limited by a combination of insufficient restoration of habitat quality and dispersal failure. Therefore, the joint prediction of suitable habitat and seed dispersal in dependency of management actions is required for effective nature management. Here we demonstrate an approach, which links a habitat suitability and a seed dispersal model. The linked model describes potential species distribution as a function of current species distribution, species-specific dispersal traits, the number of successful dispersal events, dispersal infrastructure and habitat configuration. The last two variables were related to water management actions. We demonstrate the applicability of the model in a strategy analysis of hydrological restoration measures for a large fen area in which still numerous endangered plant species grow.With the aid of the linked model, we were able to optimise the spatial planning of restoration measures, taking into account both the constraints of water management practices on abiotic restoration and the effects of habitat fragmentation on dispersal. Moreover, we could demonstrate that stand-alone habitat suitability models, which assume unlimited dispersal, may considerably overestimate restoration prospects. For these reasons, we conclude that linked habitat suitability and dispersal models can provide useful insights into spatially differentiated potentials and constraints of nature restoration measures targeted at the sustainable conservation of endangered plant populations whose habitats have been deteriorated due to undesirable effects of land and water management on abiotic conditions. These insights may contribute to the design of cost-effective nature restoration and conservation measures.     

水稻氮磷肥料减施途径研究

通过大田双季稻轮作试验,研究了在农民习惯施肥的基础上,不同减少氮磷肥料用量的施肥措施对水稻生长、产量的影响。减施氮肥处理结果表明:比农民习惯施肥减施20%氮肥的条件下,施用缓释肥料(80R)产量最高,比传统不减少施氮处理(CFN)增产0.4%,比等养分量纯化肥处理(80F)增产6.0%;用有机肥和化肥配施的处理(30F+50M)比80F增产1.9%;绿肥和化肥配施的处理(50F+30A)比80F显著减产7.2%(P<0.05)。因此,施缓释肥料或用有机肥和化肥配施均能提高产量,减少氮肥施用量。减施磷肥处理结果表明:比农民习惯施肥减少施磷20%的处理均没有减产,说明在本地区减少施磷20%,具有一定的可行性。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区土地生态安全研究

土地生态安全评价是生态安全评价的的重要组成部分,也是当前土地可持续利用研究的前沿课题,对其进行研究有着极其重要的意义。利用2001-2007年的相关数据,借助于物元模型对鄱阳湖生态经济区的土地生态安全进行研究。结果表明:（1）鄱阳湖生态经济区土地生态安全状况,由2001年较安全状态下降到2005不安全状态。（2）2005-2007年土地生态安全由不安全状态到临界安全状态,状态有所好转。研究也证明了利用物元模型进行区域土地生态安全评价是可行的,这种方法可作为土地生态安全评价研究的新方法。     

哈尔滨市耕地利用效益特征分析

提高耕地利用效益是缓解粮食供应压力的有效手段。以黑龙江省粮食主产区哈尔滨市为例,从经济效益、社会效益及生态效益3个方面构建耕地利用效益评价指标体系,以哈尔滨市1997-2006年的数据为基础,运用熵值法确定各指标权重,并通过建立协调度模型,定量评价出1997-2006年哈尔滨市耕地利用效益系统协调度。结果表明:1997-2006年哈尔滨市耕地利用系统协调度处于波动状态,耕地综合利用效益并不稳定,但总体呈上升趋势。耕地利用经济效益和社会效益协调度变化不大,综合效益与生态效益的协调度曲线走势趋同,表明哈尔滨市耕地利用综合效益主要受生态效益的影响。最后从根本上提出有效措施实现哈尔滨市耕地利用效益的提高。     

作物产量差研究与展望

作物实际产量与潜在产量间存在较大差距,地区间甚至同一地区不同田块间作物产量也存在显著差异,这种现象在世界范围内的农业生产中广泛存在.缩小该差距对于提高粮食产量,确保粮食安全具有重要意义.本文在阐述开展作物产量差研究重要性和必要性的基础上,从产量差的内涵、研究尺度的扩展及分析方法等方面介绍了目前国内外有关作物产量差的研究进展,并综述了作物生长模拟模型在产量差研究中的应用,最后分析了目前作物产量差研究中存在的问题和不足之处,并探讨了未来作物产量差研究的发展方向.     

Detachment of road surface soil by flowing water

An agricultural watershed generally consists of two land use categories, farmland and the unpaved road or path networks with different traffic frequency and size. Road surfaces are quite different from farmland soil in physical properties, resulting in it's distinguish production transportation process. Hydraulic flume experiments were conducted with the flow discharges ranging from 1 to 5 L s^− 1 and the slope gradients ranging from 8.8% to 46.6% to simulate the soil detachment process on a road surface and to develop tools in order to calculate detachment rates occurring on that road surfaces. The results illustrate that road surfaces behave characteristically in the runoff detachment and sediment delivery process due to the difference in the bulk density and functions of agricultural soils. The soil detachment rate is closely related to flow depth, slope gradient and other hydraulic parameters such as shear stress, stream power and unit stream power. Multiple non-linear regression analyses indicate that detachment rates for all roads can be accurately predicted by power functions of flow depth and slope gradient. According to the experimental results, stream power was suggested as an indicator to estimate soil detachment rate instead of shear stress in soil erosion models. However, considering the simplicity and availability, power function of flow depth and slope gradient is also recommended to predict detachment rate on the road surfaces.     

基于遥感和CASA模型的西江流域NPP时空分布特征研究

基于EOS/MODIS遥感资料,采用CASA模型分析西江流域陆地植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的时空变化特征。结果表明:西江流域平均植被NPP为400～500 gC/（m²·a）,上游地区偏低,为200～300 gC/（m²·a）,中下游地区较高,平均500～600 gC/（m²·a）,部分地区可达到800 gC/（m²·a）以上;植被NPP季节变化显著,夏季最高,春、秋季节次之,冬季最低小;西江流域植被NPP的空间差异明显,在5-10月,上游地区植被NPP较低,中下游地区较高;在1-3月,上游地区尤其是南盘江流域的植被NPP较高,中下游地区尤其是中游地区明显较少。西江流域植被NPP的空间特征还表现在汛期空间差异大,枯水期空间差别小。     

基于物元评判模型的土地整理综合效益评价方法研究

利用物元分析理论,将土地整理综合效益的等级、评价指标及其特征值作为物元,确定土地整理综合效益的经典域、节域及待判物元,应用物元和可拓集合中的关联函数建立了土地整理综合效益物元评判模型。并以山西省阳高县王官屯等二乡(镇)土地开发整理项目为例,对土地整理综合效益物元评判模型进行了实证研究,其综合效益的等级属于程度Km(P)=(-0.101,0.037,-0.431),属于"一般"等级,与模糊综合评价结果相似,符合项目区的实际情况。物元模型应用于土地整理综合效益评价作为一种初步的尝试与探索,为定量评价土地整理综合效益提供了一种新的思路。     

农田残膜机械回收膜土分离模型的建立与仿真试验

为明确农田残膜机械回收过程中膜土分离机理,基于土壤接触理论及土壤黏附力学,建立残膜与土壤颗粒的接触模型和残膜与土壤颗粒间黏结合力变化的数学模型.利用EDEM软件,进行0.01、0.02、0.03 mm厚度残膜与黏附土壤剥离剪切仿真试验.拟合结果表明,0.01、0.02、0.03 mm残膜厚度下,膜土分离剪切力与剥离剪切...