灭多威的污染现状及其对水生生物的毒性效应研究进展

灭多威属氨基甲酸酯类农药,可用作杀虫剂、杀菌剂及除草剂,具选择性强、高效、易分解降解等特性,被广泛应用于农林业的生产。为了探究灭多威的污染现状、污染严重程度,笔者综述了灭多威研究现状,并系统汇总了国内外对灭多威毒性效应研究实例,重点综述了灭多威的应用与污染现状、对水生生物生殖毒性效应、组织器官及DNA的损伤等,并在此基础上提出展望,以期为深入了解灭多威的污染现状、对水生生物的毒性效应研究提供可借鉴的资料。     

灭多威和吡虫啉对棉苗缩合单宁含量的影响

为明确常用杀虫剂对棉花抗虫性的影响,研究了灭多威和吡虫啉营养液处理对棉苗中抗虫次生物质缩合单宁含量的影响。结果表明,25mg/L灭多威处理3叶期棉苗后第6、9、12和15天,50mg/L灭多威处理棉苗后第6天和第15天,棉叶中缩合单宁含量均显著增加,其中25mg/L灭多威处理棉苗15天,棉叶中缩合单宁的含量较对照增加74%。50mg/L吡虫啉处理棉苗后第2天,棉叶中缩合单宁含量与对照相比增加了45%,而吡虫啉的其它处理浓度和处理时间未对棉苗缩合单宁含量产生显著影响。杀虫剂对棉苗缩合单宁含量的影响与杀虫剂本身的性质密切相关,其中灭多威对棉苗缩合单宁含量影响较大,而吡虫啉影响则较小。此外,杀虫剂对棉苗缩合单宁含量的影响还具有一定的剂量效应与时间效应。     

灭多威与杀虫剂的联合毒力研究

室内采用浸渍法、喷雾法和点滴法分别进行了灭多威与杀螟硫磷、灭多威与异丙威对蚜虫和粘虫的联合毒力测定。结果表明灭多威与杀螟硫磷以１：７比例混配对蚜虫和粘虫均表现为增效作用,共毒系数（ＣＴＣ）分别为２４９．０３和１８０．３０;灭多威与异丙威以１：２比例混配对蚜虫和粘虫表现为显著增效,共毒系数分别为２３５．４５和２７４．３０。比较了３种生测方法对灭多威的杀虫活性影响     

Assessing insecticide resistance and aversion to methomyl-treated toxic baits in Musca domestica L (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in southern California

Progeny of house flies (Musca domestica L) from ten California poultry operations, three dairies and one horse-riding facility were tested for methomyl- and muscalure-treated bait resistance using up to three different assays: a topical assay, a no-choice feeding assay and a choice feeding assay. LD50 resistance factors from the topical assay, compared with a locally-derived susceptible colony, ranged between 1 and 4. LC50 resistance factors from the no-choice feeding assay ranged mostly between 2 and 5, with one value of 18. Measurable LT50 resistance ratios for female flies in the choice feeding assay ranged from 43 to 159; two populations had <10% mortality at 48h and could not be measured. LT50 resistance ratios for male flies in the choice feeding assay ranged from 26 to 96, and one population was too resistant to measure. A behavioral assay tested the feeding preference of male and female flies provided a dish of sugar and a dish of methomyl- and muscalure-treated bait. Of eight strains tested, females from seven strains and males from six strains showed significant preference for sugar over bait. Behavioral factors appear to be important in the severe resistance of house flies to baits in California.     

3种常用杀虫剂胁迫对小麦防御相关酶活性的影响

为明确常用杀虫剂对小麦防御性的影响,考察了吡虫啉、灭多威和氧乐果处理对小麦苗3种防御相关酶活性的影响。分别使用杀虫剂的田间推荐浓度、高于和低于其推荐浓度1倍的质量浓度3个处理,考察了吡虫啉、灭多威和氧乐果营养液内吸处理小麦苗后5d内,小麦苗中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性的变化。结果表明:17.5和35.0mg/L吡虫啉处理小麦苗后6h时,小麦苗中PAL均受到抑制,活性显著降低,处理后12h时,PAL活性与对照相比显著上升,分别上升了38.9%和40.0%;100、200和400mg/L灭多威处理小麦苗后12h时,小麦苗中PAL活性显著升高。250、500和1 000mg/L氧乐果处理小麦苗后24h内,小麦苗中PAL活性呈现出先升高再降低的动态过程。而500和1 000mg/L氧乐果处理小麦苗后48h内,小麦苗中GSTs活性呈现出先降低再升高的动态过程。在3种杀虫药剂的胁迫下,小麦苗PAL、GSTs及LOX活性均发生了随着时间而变化的波动,随着处理后时间的继续延长,最后小麦苗3种防御酶的活性又恢复至不受影响的正常状态。一定浓度的吡虫啉、灭多威和氧乐果处理小麦苗,会对小麦苗中PAL、GSTs和LOX的活性及其相关防御性产生一定影响。3种杀虫剂对小麦苗中PAL、GSTs和LOX活性的影响,不仅与杀虫药剂本身的性质有关,还具有一定的剂量效应与时间效应。     

Baseline susceptibility of spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) to four key insecticide classes

BACKGROUND

The invasive drosophilid pest, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is affecting berry production in most fruit‐producing regions of the world. Chemical control is the dominant management approach, creating concern for insecticide resistance in this pest. We compared the insecticide susceptibility of D. suzukii populations collected from conventional, organic or insecticide‐free blueberry sites.

RESULTS

The sensitivity of D. suzukii to malathion and spinetoram declined slightly across the 3 years of monitoring, whereas it was more consistent for methomyl and zeta‐cypermethrin. The sensitivity of D. suzukii to all four insecticides (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values) did not differ significantly among the blueberry fields using different management practices.

CONCLUSIONS

The baseline sensitivity of D. suzukii has been characterized, allowing future comparisons if field failures of chemical control are reported. The concentration achieving high control indicates that effective levels of control can still be achieved with field rates of these four insecticides. However, declining susceptibility of some populations of D. suzukii to some key insecticides highlights the need for resistance monitoring. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Residues of methomyl in strawberries,tomatoes and cucumbers

An accurate and rapid high performance liquid chromatography method was developed to monitor residues of methomyl in plant extracts. The rate of disappearance of foliage-applied methomyl from strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers was studied. Residues reached levels of 0.55, 0.2 and 0.6 mg kg^?1 seven days after methomyl had been applied to strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively. Results also showed that rinsing treated fruits with tap water removed considerable amounts of methomyl. Samples of strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers were collected from local markets at Ismailia, and checked for methomyl residues. Residues in 12.5% of tomato and 25% of strawberry samples were above 0.2 mg kg^?1.     

血液中灭多威的提取和检验

本文研究了水解法检验血液中的灭多威。将灭多威在碱性、90℃条件下水解成灭多威肟．通过GC／MS和GC／FPD分析。相对回收率在70％以上,该法高效,空白血液无干扰,重复性好,操作简单。     

几种Bt复配杀虫剂对甘蓝小菜蛾的防治效果

田间药效试验表明,特杀螟(55%杀单·苏WP)750g·hm-2对甘蓝小菜蛾药后5d的防效为85.3%,高于千胜(16000IU·μL-1BtSC)750ml·hm-2的61.1%的防效、惠达(1.5%苏·阿WP)750g·hm-277.6%的防效、宝玉(1.9%苏·甲维盐WP)300g·hm-279.0%的防效以及Bt 氟铃脲600g·hm-283.2%的防效,低于Bt 三氟氯氰菊酯600g·hm-288.9%的防效、尽克(90%灭多威SP)450g·hm-294.2%的防效。防治甘蓝小菜蛾可以选用特杀螟750g·hm-2、Bt 三氟氯氰菊酯600g·hm-2、Bt 氟铃脲600g·hm-2轮用和混用为好。