氮素调控对玉米氮素同化过程及产量的影响

氮素调控措施与作物氮素吸收利用和产量密切相关,但目前关于不同氮素调控措施对玉米主要生育期氮素同化过程的影响仍不清楚。以郑单958为试验材料,设置不施氮肥（CK）、传统施肥（CN）、氮肥+生物炭（SN）和氮肥+硝化抑制剂DMPP（DN）4个处理,分析不同氮素调控对玉米氮素同化过程中铵态氮和硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量以及氮素利用率和产量的影响。结果表明：DN和SN处理较传统施肥处理均可以提高玉米植株体内硝态氮和铵态氮含量、NR和GS活性;DN和SN处理显著提高灌浆期谷氨酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量;DN处理成熟期籽粒的氮素积累量显著高于SN和CN处理,分别显著增加18.4%和30.0%;DN处理产量最高,SN次之,二者并无显著差异,但相较CN处理分别显著增产1 483.0和1 154.2 kg·hm^-2。两种氮素调控均促进了玉米对氮素的吸收,显著提高氮肥吸收利用率,其中硝化抑制剂处理氮肥吸收利用率最高且显著高于其他处理。综上,生物炭或硝化抑制剂配施氮肥,可以促进玉米氮素同化和转运过程,显著提高玉米产量和氮肥利用效率,综合产量、籽粒氮素积累量和氮肥吸收利用率,硝化抑制剂配施氮肥可作为淮河流域玉米高产高效的栽培措施。     

Cyclosporin A induces myocardial fibrosis and affects expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in rats

AIM: To investigate the changes of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP2 and TIMP1) in the myocardial fibrosis induced by cyclosporin A (CsA), and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Female Wistar rats (n=64, 6~8 weeks old) weighing (200±25) g were randomly divided into 4 groups[control, low dose of CsA (5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1), medium dose of CsA (12.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) and high dose of CsA (25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)]. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline and different doses of CsA, respectively. CsA was continuously administered for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and then the animals were killed to collect samples. HE staining was used to observe the morphological structure of myocardium. Masson staining was used to observe the deposition of myocardial collagen and the degree of myocardial fibrosis. The protein expression levels of MMP2, MMP9, TIMP2 and TIMP1 were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: HE staining showed that CsA induced cardiomyocyte edema, eosinophilic changes in the cytoplasm, fine granular and vacuolar changes in cardiomyocytes, disappearance of myocardial striae, nuclear condensation, and myocardial focal necrosis and fibrosis. Masson staining showed that the degree of myocardial interstitial fibrosis was getting worse with the increase in the duration and doses of CsA exposure. The results of immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that the expression of MMP2 in CsA groups was significantly increased in the process of CsA-induced myocardial fibrosis. In each CsA dose group, MMP2 was highly expressed at the first week, and the expression was gradually decreased over time. In contrast, the expression of TIMP2 was increased gradually in a time-and dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Compared with control group, MMP9 expression level was low at the first week, increased at the second week, and decreased at the third week (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the expression of TIMP1 was dose-dependently increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CsA induces myocardial injury and interstitial fibrosis in rats in a dose-and time-dependent manner. CsA-induced myocardial fibrosis is associated with changes of MMPs and TIMPs, and is affected by the imbalance of MMPs/TIMPs.     

抑制剂对鲜榨蜜梨汁多酚氧化酶活性的影响

多酚氧化酶(PPO)是酶促褐变的关键酶,以鲜榨蜜梨汁为原料,以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法测定多酚氧化酶活性,研究氯化钠、柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸和异抗坏血酸5种不同抑制剂对鲜榨蜜梨汁中的多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,这5种酶抑制剂均能在一定程度上抑制鲜榨蜜梨汁PPO活性,随着其浓度的升高,抑制效应逐渐增强。氯化钠、柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、异抗坏血酸抑制鲜榨梨汁PPO活性的最佳浓度分别为0.6,0.5 mol/L和2.0,2.0,0.5 mmol/L。     

稳定性尿素中脲酶抑制剂作用效果的快速检测方法

以尿素残留差异率作为评价指标,研究了影响脲酶抑制剂抑制作用测定的主要因素,包括浸提温度、浸提时间、脲酶液浓度、土壤用量、浸提液种类等。确立了目前测定稳定性尿素中脲酶抑制剂抑制作用效果的最佳快速检测方法:以1.0000g普通尿素作为对照肥料,称取1.0000g稳定性尿素,加入0.5昏/L脲酶缓冲溶液100mL,10g风干土,在37℃下振荡5h后测定土壤中尿素残留量,以尿素残留差异率对脲酶抑制剂作用进行评价,提高了检测效率和准确度。     

稻田CH4产生途径研究进展

H2/CO2还原和乙酸（CH3COOH）发酵是稻田CH4产生的主要途径。碳同位素示踪技术、添加甲烷产生途径抑制剂和稳定性碳同位素方法是稻田CH4产生途径的主要研究方法。本文综述了这三种研究方法及研究结果,并指出了今后的研究重点：加强我国有关稻田CH4产生途径的研究;对比分析三种研究方法,查明研究结果存在差异的原因;加强同位素分馏系数a(CO2/CH4)和e(ac/CH4)以及碳同位素组成δ13CH4和δ13CH4(CO2/H2)的研究     

小分子植物病毒抑制物质研究进展

论述了小分子病毒抑制物的结构及对病毒的抑制机理 ,讨论了植物病毒抑制剂研究中存在的问题及研究前景     

控释肥和添加剂对双季稻温室气体排放影响和减排评价

【目的】稻田生态系统的温室气体排放一直是气候变化领域的研究热点,对发展低碳农业和缓解全球变暖具有重要意义。研究控释肥和添加剂对双季稻（Oryza sative L）温室气体排放和产量的影响,旨在综合评价其减排效果,筛选既能保证产量又能有效减排的施肥措施。【方法】以华中江汉平原地区双季稻为研究对象,设置6种不同控释肥或添加剂处理,包括①习惯施肥作为对照,②硫包膜控释尿素,③树脂包膜控释尿素,④缓释碧晶尿素,⑤尿素中加入质量分数1%的硝化抑制剂二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）,⑥施肥时泼洒与尿素等量的1：200倍稀释有效微生物菌剂培养液（EM菌剂）,采用自动静态箱-气相色谱法对温室气体排放通量进行长期连续监测,同步观测土壤无机氮素和产量,得出不同施肥处理的温室气体（CH4和N2O）排放特征,由内插加权法求得排放总量,最终计算出综合温室效应和排放强度。【结果】不同施肥处理下CH4和N2O排放通量具有较为明显的季节变化规律。早稻CH4排放总量以树脂包膜控释尿素最低,晚稻以碧晶尿素最低;而早稻和晚稻N2O排放总量均以硝化抑制剂DMPP最低。综合两个季节,各施肥处理的综合温室效应（以CO2当量100年算）差异显著（P＜0.05）,其中常规施肥＞硫包膜控释尿素＞硝化抑制剂DMPP＞EM菌剂＞碧晶尿素＞树脂包膜控释尿素;控释肥和添加剂处理对比常规均有不同程度的减排效果,其中树脂包膜控释尿素减排效果最高为56.2%,碧晶尿素次之为45.6%,且晚稻减排效果明显高于早稻。早稻控释肥和添加剂处理产量与常规施肥差异不显著,晚稻则存在显著增产,增产幅度为13.5%-16.2%。各处理的温室气体排放强度GHGI以树脂包膜控释尿素最低,与常规施肥差异极显著（P＜0.01）。【结论】双季稻不同施肥处理CH4和N2O的排放总量差异显著,控释肥和添加剂处理均能达到不同程度的减排。控释肥和添加剂处理对早稻增产效果差异不显著,对晚稻增产效果差异显著,减排效果也高于早稻。综合考虑经济效益和减排效果,可得出在当前的稻田管理条件下施用包膜控释肥、抑制剂和生物菌剂,能保证产量并有效降低温室气体排放,是水稻低碳高产可行的施肥措施。     

醋酸棉酚对土壤脲酶活性的抑制作用

采用实验室模拟培养、测定剩余尿素量的方法,对醋酸棉酚作为一种新型脲酶抑制剂进行初步研究,并探讨醋酸棉酚对红壤脲酶活性抑制作用的影响因素。结果表明,醋酸棉酚与尿素混合施用,培养2d,1%醋酸棉酚(相对于尿素质量)的脲酶抑制率为53.57%。土壤持水量对脲酶活性有较大影响,且在脲酶活性高时,醋酸棉酚的脲酶抑制作用更强。随着温度的升高,醋酸棉酚对土壤脲酶的抑制作用越来越明显,且表现出混合性抑制的特征。醋酸棉酚提前施用7d,尿素回收率从混合施用的73.64%增加到99.00%,说明改进施用方式可大幅度提高醋酸棉酚的脲酶抑制效果。     

凋亡抑制蛋白基因dsRNA转基因烟草表达载体的构建

为了利用RNA干扰技术防治烟粉虱,需要构建凋亡抑制蛋白(IAP)基因dsRNA转基因烟草表达载体。利用PCR技术扩增烟粉虱IAP基因,将其连接到pMD18-T载体中,用BglⅡ、XhoⅠ和BamHⅠ、SalⅠ分别酶切,将获得的片段分别反向、正向连接至pUC-RNAi载体,用PstⅠ酶切pUC-RNAi-IAP,回收酶切片段,将其连接到表达载体pCAMBIA-2300-35S中,并进行酶切验证。IAPdsRNA转基因烟草表达载体的成功构建为下一步转基因烟草防治烟粉虱的研究奠定基础。     

Effects of N sources and methane concentrations on methane uptake potential of a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard soil

After removal of the above-ground plant debris three different soil layers were taken from a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard in Numata City, Japan. The potentials of soil CH₄ uptake at two initial CH₄ concentrations were studied under aerobic conditions in the laboratory, along with inhibition of soil CH₄ oxidation by urea-N or KNO₃-N addition. Due to long-term N inputs, the CH₄ uptake of the upper mineral layer of the orchard soil was 25.4% and 87.7% lower than that of the surface forest soil at 2.4 and 12.6 l l^–1 CH₄, respectively. Methane uptake of the forest soil decreased with increasing soil depths at two CH₄ levels. However, maximal CH₄-consuming activity occurred in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil at 12.6 l l^–1 methane. Nitrogen additions in the form of KNO₃ or urea at the rate of 200 g N g^–1 soil substantially reduced soil CH₄ uptake in the upper and sub-surface mineral layers at both sites, except that the addition of KNO₃-N had no apparent inhibitory effect on the CH₄ uptake in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil. A strong inhibitory effect of NO₃^– addition on the CH₄ uptake, in contrast to NH₄⁺, occurred in the surface forest soil. The use of KNO₃-N, as compared to urea or urea plus a nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide), resulted in a lower potential to cause inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in the 0- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil.