The role of fungal endophyte infection in the evolution of Lolium multiflorum resistance to diclofop-methyl

Diclofop-methyl resistance was evaluated in populations of Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) infected and uninfected with fungal endophyte ( Neotyphodium ). Survival was tested in susceptible populations using herbicide screening. The results served as inputs to a model for investigating the role of endophyte infection in the evolution of L. multiflorum resistance to herbicide. The tolerance of infected plants varied depending on the origin of the population and the herbicide dose. Only in some populations and at some diclofop-methyl doses did plants infected with these endophytes have higher survivorship than endophyte-free plants. The model demonstrated that endophytes might indeed play an important role in the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, delaying the appearance of herbicide resistance.     

Extracts of killedPenicillium chrysogenum Induce resistance against Fusarium wilt of melon

Dry fungal biomass ofPenicillium chrysogenum (dry mycelium), a waste product of the pharmaceutical industry, was extracted with water and applied to the roots of melon plants before or after inoculation withFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis (Font). Seedlings (4–6 days after emergence) treated with either acidic dry mycelium extract (DME) or neutralized dry mycelium extract (NDME) were protected against challenge infection withFom. A single drench with 2–5% DME applied 12–72 h before inoculation provided significant control of the disease compared with water-drenched, challenged seedlings. No protection was seen in plants treated 0–6 h before inoculation or 0–48 h after inoculation. Neither DME nor NDME (0.5–5%) had any effect on fungal growthin vitro, which implied that disease controlin vivo was mediated by induced resistance. The resistance induced by DME protected melon plants not only against race 1,2, but also against the three other races of the pathogen, indicating a race-non-specific resistance againstFom. Both DME and NDME significantly increased peroxidase activity and free L-proline content in seedlings 12 h and 48 h after soil drench, respectively. Resistance to Fusarium wilt was significantly associated with elevated levels of peroxidase activity but not with free L-proline content. Thus, peroxidase might be involved in the defense mechanisms activated by DME or NDME. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2001.     

利用诱导因子抗新疆甜瓜疫霉病的田间效果

用化学诱导因子和灭活的生物诱导因子在田间自然条件下诱导了新疆甜瓜产生对疫霉病的整体抗性。1996年的试验结果表明，用化学诱导因子诱导处理，最高诱抗效果可达79．40％，平均诱抗效果在40％以上；生物诱导因子诱导处理，最高诱抗效果为68．2％，平均诱抗效果为30％以上。1997年的试验基本上验证了1996年的结果，化学诱导因子最高诱抗效果可达60％，平均诱抗效果为35．86％，经t测验分析，诱抗效果显著。     

Local and systemic resistance to fungal pathogens triggered by an AVR9-mediated hypersensitive response in tomato and oilseed rape carrying the Cf-9 resistance gene

Tomato and transgenic oilseed rape plants expressing the Cf-9 resistance gene develop a hypersensitive response (HR) after injection of the corresponding Avr9 gene product. It was investigated whether induction of a HR conferred resistance to different fungal pathogens in tomato and oilseed rape. Induction of an AVR9 mediated HR at the pathogen infection site delayed the development of the biotrophs Oidium lycopersicum in tomato and Erysiphe polygoni in oilseed rape, but enhanced the development of the necrotrophs Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani in tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. Interestingly, delayed fungal disease development was observed in plant tissues surrounding the HR lesion regardless of whether a necrotrophic or biotrophic pathogen was used. In tomato, AVR9 injection induced systemic expression of PR1, PR2 and PR3 defence genes but did not induce systemic resistance to O. lycopersicum, B. cinerea or A. solani. In oilseed rape, AVR9 injection temporarily induced systemic resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans and E. polygoni, but did not induce detectable systemic expression of PR1, PR2 or Cxc750. These results give new insights into the potential uses of an induced HR to engineer disease resistance.     

Microscopic analysis of the effect of azoxystrobin treatments on Mycosphaerella graminicola infection using green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing transformants

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing transformants were used to investigate the effects of strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin on Mycosphaerella graminicola infection. Azoxystrobin treatments (125 or 250 g AI ha^?1) were applied at various stages of the infection process under controlled conditions. GFP transformants showed conserved in vitro sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pathogenicity. Azoxystrobin controlled over 90% of M graminicola infections when applied before or during penetration of the pathogen (15% of the incubation phase). Azoxystrobin also impaired the growth of intercellular hyphae in M graminicola post‐penetration infection stages when applied at up to 50% of the incubation phase. Incubating infections observed in treated leaves were viable, but their growth was impaired and they did not induce necrosis under controlled conditions. Reduction by half of azoxystrobin dosage had little or no effect on azoxystrobin efficiency in controlling M graminicola. The contribution of post‐penetration fungistatic effect to azoxystrobin curative properties toward M graminicola in a field situation is discussed. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monitoring insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from New York dairies

House flies were collected from dairies across New York state and the levels of resistance to seven insecticides were measured using standard laboratory assays with three to five diagnostic concentrations. The highest levels of resistance were found for tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin and cyfluthrin. Although levels of resistance to methomyl were somewhat lower, they were among the highest ever reported for field‐collected house flies. Resistance to pyrethrins was limited primarily to the lowest diagnostic concentration. House flies were susceptible to fipronil at all dairies, suggesting that this material would be highly effective for fly control. The levels of resistance were similar at all the dairies, irrespective of their insecticide use, suggesting substantial movement of flies between facilities. Relative to resistance levels found at New York dairies in 1987, resistance levels had increased for permethrin, were unchanged for tetrachlorvinphos and had decreased for dimethoate. To identify a single diagnostic concentration that could be used in the laboratory assays to assess accurately resistance levels in future studies, we carried out a ‘simulated’ field bioassay using formulated materials. A diagnostic concentration for each insecticide is proposed on the basis of a comparison of our bioassays. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

鲜食葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性及抗病机理研究

采用田间自然发病调查，田间接种鉴定和离体葡萄叶圆片室内接种鉴定鲜食葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性及其抗性机理研究表明，品种间对霜霉病的抗性存在显著差异。可依感病病级分为三类，低感品种有“z工伊豆”、“奥林匹亚”、“山东早红”、“森田尼”、“早玛瑙”。几乎所有的无核品种均高感霜霉病，葡萄对霜霉病的抗性与叶内可滴定酸、还原糖、游离氨基酸含量无显著相关，与叶背气也密度、气孔开度也无相关，而外施高浓度邻苯二酚却显著降低了霜霉病发病程度。     

水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性机理

对水稻品种抗白背飞虱的抗生反应及植株体内化学成分与抗性关系进行了探讨。结果表明，在抗生性反应中，抗性品种Ptb33、N22、Mudgo、包选2号、南京14、HA79317使白背飞虱取食量减少、成活率降低、繁殖少、发育慢等一系列不良现象，导致种群数量下降。抗性水稻体内游离氨基酸总量、天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸及可溶性糖等营养成分含量和白背飞虱取食率极相关，相关系数为0．809－0．916。抗、感植株体内单宁、草酸含量没有显著差异，而次生代谢物苯酚含量却差异明显。因此，抗性水稻体内游离氨基酸总量及可溶性糖等含量低和苯酚含量高可能是抗生性主要因素之一。     

小麦条锈病重要抗源京核8811品系抗性遗传机制

采用常温（昼18℃/夜10℃），高温（昼24℃／夜15℃）两种温度处理，系统分析京核8811抗条锈性遗传基础及抗性特点。结果表明，京核8811中至少含有1对不完全显性主效抗性基因和2对隐性微效抗性基因。主效基因对温度不敏感，显性纯合时控制0－0；杂合体控制0；^ -2^ 。微效基因高温诱导,为性纯合、杂合或隐性纯合均对主效基因的抗性表达有修饰作用，当与杂合状态的主效基因重组，抗性达到高抗或免疫水平，自身隐性纯合可提供0；^ -2^ 的抗性。通过主效、微效基因的重组控制较强抗性和较宽抗性谱，反映出不同类型抗性谱互补的抗性基因重组产生的“基因的集团效应”。并就“基因的集团效应”的抗性特点及其在实现品种抗性持久化中的作用进行了探讨。     

禾谷镰孢菌对多菌灵的敏感性基线及抗药性菌株生物学性质研究

 引起小麦赤霉病的禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)在华东地区对多菌灵已出现了高水平抗药性。本文报道了F.graminearum对多菌灵的敏感性基线及其抗药性菌株生物学特性。离体条件下多菌灵对100个野生敏感型菌株的平均EC₅₀和MIC值分别为0.5748±0.0133 μg/ml和 < 1.4μg/ml。而对50个抗药性菌株的平均EC₅₀和MIC值则分别为9.2375μg/ml和 > 100 μg/ml。在麦穗上多菌灵对50个敏感菌株和抗药性菌株防效的平均EC₅₀分别为282.6 μg/ml和 > 2 000μg/ml。从田间获得的抗多菌灵菌株对苯菌灵、噻菌灵、甲基托布津表现交互抗药性,但不同于室内突变菌株,对乙霉威不表现负交互抗药性。抗药性菌株的无性和有性繁殖后代以及在无药培养基上菌丝体转代培养后,抗药水平保持不变。抗药性菌株的菌丝生长速率、产孢能力及致病力等与敏感菌株相比没有差异。