水稻秧盘育秧播种机气动式自动供盘装置设计与试验

为减轻工人劳动强度,提高水稻秧盘育秧播种机的生产效率,研制了一种气动式自动供盘装置。通过建立秧盘输送模型确定了输送机构的输送过程和速度关系,根据秧盘外形特征和自动供盘装置工作原理,研制了气动式落盘机构及控制系统,由接近开关对秧盘进行检测,利用落盘机构快速升、放秧盘,实现秧盘的自动供送。为研究生产率、放盘时间和叠盘偏差对自动供盘装置性能的影响,以供盘合格率为指标进行了自动供盘正交试验。试验结果表明,叠盘偏差对供盘合格率的影响最显著,放盘时间对供盘合格率有一定影响,生产率对供盘合格率的影响不明显;当生产率为600~1 000盘/h、叠盘偏差为0~6 mm、放盘时间为0.8 s时,供盘合格率为98.67%~100%,试验结果满足水稻秧盘育秧播种机育秧技术使用要求。该研究对提高水稻秧盘育秧播种机的自动化程度具有重要意义。     

吉林省农田耕层土壤pH的时空变化特征

本研究通过分析2005~2013年测土配方施肥项目在吉林省采集的大量土壤样品,明确了不同地区农田耕层土壤pH的空间变异特征,并与第二次土壤普查数据对比探讨了土壤pH的变化趋势。结果表明,目前吉林省农田耕层土壤pH分布在3.8~9.1之间,平均值为6.5。不同类型农田土壤pH的高低顺序为:黑钙土风沙土草甸土黑土白浆土≈暗棕壤水稻土。空间上,吉林省农田耕层土壤呈现自西向东逐渐降低的分布特征,以西部白城市的通榆县最高而东部延边朝鲜族自治州的汪清县最低。时间上,与第二次土壤普相比,吉林省各种土类的pH存在共性的土壤酸化趋势。不同土类间pH的降幅存在较大差异,代表性的黑土下降约0.5个单位,酸化程度较大的草甸土和水稻分别下降了1.4和1.6个单位,而酸化程度较小的白浆土下降了0.1个单位。吉林省农业生产中应控制化肥用量,调整肥料品种,合理增施有机肥,大力推广秸秆还田,从而缓解土壤酸化趋势,改善土壤肥力。     

基于地区和土类的吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素时空变化特征

为明确吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养的时空变化特征,基于2005—2013年间测土配方施肥项目测定的土壤全氮和碱解氮数据,分析吉林省不同地区、土类农田耕层土壤氮素养分的空间变异特征,并与第2次土壤普查数据对比,探讨土壤氮素养分的时间变化趋势。结果表明,目前吉林省农田耕层土壤全氮含量为0.4~3.9g/kg,平均为(1.62±0.60)g/kg,碱解氮含量为15~360 mg/kg,平均为(145.0±59.5)mg/kg。不同土类之间全氮和碱解氮含量的高低顺序一致,均以暗棕壤最高,平均分别为(2.02±0.57)g/kg和(190.2±72.80)mg/kg,其后依次为白浆土、水稻土、黑土、草甸土、黑钙土和风沙土;空间变异方面,吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养水平呈自东向西逐渐下降的分布特征,全氮和碱解氮含量在县域尺度上存在显著正相关关系;时间变化方面,吉林省农田耕层土壤全氮和碱解氮含量相比第2次土壤普查均呈明显上升趋势,中部地区变化最显著,西部地区变化相对较小。不同土类之间,黑土、黑钙土、草甸土和风沙土呈上升趋势,而暗棕壤、白浆土和水稻土出现下降,其中以风沙土的增加和暗棕壤的下降最明显。综上所述,吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养状况在空间上存在显著差异,时间上也发生了巨大变化。建议中部粮食主产区应严格控制作物施氮量以提高氮肥效率,降低环境风险,东、西部地区应因地制宜优化氮肥管理以提升地力,实现增产增效。     

不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素

农田土壤中秸秆腐解伴随氮磷钾养分的释放是重要的生物地球化学过程,也是秸秆还田替代化肥养分的基础。了解不同农区秸秆分解过程中的养分释放动态,揭示秸秆、气候和土壤条件的交互作用机制,是制定秸秆还田合理措施的理论基础。基于寒温带-暖温带-中亚热带的黑土、潮土、红壤互置试验平台,研究了小麦、玉米秸秆在3年腐解过程中养分释放过程和影响因素。结果表明,秸秆中养分释放速率的大小顺序为KPN;秸秆中氮素和磷素在寒温带以及在红壤和潮土中表现为先富集再释放特征,在暖温带、中亚热带以及黑土中表现为直接释放特征;秸秆中钾素均表现为直接快速释放特征,在腐解0.5 a平均释放率达89.5%。气候和土壤条件主导了氮磷的释放,其相对平均贡献率分别为19.5%和15.2%。在腐解后期(2~3 a)气候、土壤和秸秆因素对养分释放的贡献率30%,说明土壤生物因素可能起了主导作用。     

勺夹式藠头排种器设计与试验

针对藠头（Allium chinense）种植劳动强度大、人工成本高等问题,该研究设计了一种由排种盘、取种勺、取投种凸轮、种箱、安装板等组成的勺夹式藠头排种器。对该排种器工作原理和取种、携种、投种过程进行理论分析,建立离散元仿真模型,对取种过程进行仿真分析,确定了最优种勺结构。以大叶藠为对象,以取种合格率和漏取率为试验指标,进行种勺直径、种勺深度、取种起始角、种面高度与种箱高度之比和取种速度5因素显著性筛选试验,并以种勺直径、取种起始角、种面高度与种箱高度之比为试验因素进行回归正交试验;采用Plackett-Burman试验法和Box-Behnken中心试验法建立取种合格率和漏取率的回归模型,并进行参数优化,获得最优参数组合为种勺直径27mm、取种起始角30°和种面高度与种箱高度之比92.5%。在最优参数组合下进行台架试验,得到取种合格率91.17%,漏取率6.17%。田间试验结果表明在前进速度0.1～0.2 m/s的条件下,该排种器平均播种合格率、平均重播率和漏播率分别为63.10%、12.76%和24.14%。研究结果可为藠头播种机械的研究与设计提供参考。     

桂西北喀斯特地区不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性研究

土壤抗蚀性是反映土壤抵抗侵蚀能力的重要参数之一,是土壤侵蚀研究的重要内容。本文选取土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、团聚体结构破坏率、团聚状况、团聚度、分散率和<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量等7个指标,通过单因素方差分析及主成分分析,探讨了桂西北喀斯特地区5种不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性的差异。结果表明:原生林和次生林土壤有机质含量显著(P<0.05)高于撂荒地、坡耕地和人工林,撂荒地土壤有机质含量较坡耕地和人工林高,但差异不显著。原生林、次生林及撂荒地土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体总量及团聚状况显著高于坡耕地及人工林,但其土壤团聚体结构破坏率及分散率显著低于坡耕地;人工林土壤团聚体结构破坏率显著高于次生林,但与原生林、撂荒地和坡耕地差异不显著;人工林土壤分散率则与坡耕地类似,显著低于原生林、次生林及撂荒地;原生林、次生林土壤团聚度与撂荒地、坡耕地差异不显著,但显著高于人工林;次生林、撂荒地及人工林<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量与原生林、坡耕地差异不显著,但坡耕地土壤<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量显著高于原生林。由主成分分析综合评分得到土壤抗蚀性强弱顺序为:原生林>次生林>撂荒地>坡耕地>人工林。因此,喀斯特地区人为干扰严重降低了土壤的抗蚀性,耕地通过撂荒方式能够提高土壤抗蚀性。     

龙门山断裂带主要森林类型凋落物累积量及其持水特性

采用野外实地调查与室内控制浸提相结合的方法,对龙门山断裂带常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、常绿针叶林4种森林类型的凋落物储量、持水量、吸水速率进行了研究。结果发现,不同森林类型凋落物总储量大小顺序为:常绿针叶林(8.26t/hm2)落叶阔叶林(6.80t/hm2)针阔混交林(5.52t/hm2)常绿阔叶林(4.61t/hm2),且未分解层累积量所占比例均小于半分解层。不同森林类型不同分解程度凋落物的持水量和持水率与浸泡时间均呈对数关系,其吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系。研究区4种森林类型半分解层凋落物的持水能力均强于分解层,而落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林持水能力较强,其次是常绿针叶林,常绿阔叶林最低。研究表明,在该区森林植被恢复和重建过程中,应充分考虑半分解层凋落物对水土保持的作用,且宜优选落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林模式进行森林植被恢复。     

Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.     

阳台壁挂式太阳能:推进太阳能与建筑节能的结合

中国是一个发展中国家,人均能源资源相对贫乏。目前中国总面积为96亿hm2,耕地面积只有1.2亿hm2,人均耕地面积才只有933.8 m2。每年城乡新建建筑竣工面积约为15亿至20亿m2;建筑能源耗能占全社会总耗能近37%,其中建材的生产能耗占16.7%,用水占城市用水的47%,建筑使用的钢材占全国用钢量的30%,水泥占25%。目前,在中国已建成的近400亿m2的建筑中,99%为高耗能建筑,新建建筑中95%以上也仍属于高耗能建筑,因而建筑节能就成为重中之重。随着节能省地型建筑的大面积推广,高层住宅建筑在城镇建筑中越来越广泛,如何推广太阳能在高层节能建筑中的应用,成为政府、建筑商关注的一个要点。     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the Northern China plain and Northeastern China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is strongly related to soil type and management practices. Changes in government policy have brought drastic changes in farm management practices in the last two decades in rural China. This study investigates changes in SOM in two different soils: Ustepts and Udolls. Ustepts, in the North China Plain where the climate is warm and sub-humid, developed from an alluvial flood plain with organic matter <10 g kg⁻¹. Udolls, in Northeastern China where the climate is cool and sub-humid, developed from loess-like materials with organic matter >20 g kg⁻¹. Two locations for Ustepts and three locations for Udolls were used to collect 567 soil samples in 1980–1982 and again in 2000 for SOM analysis. Soil organic matter increased for Ustepts and decreased for Udolls soils over the sampling period, resulting from differences in fertilizer rates and crop residue input to soil. Higher fertilizer input and crop intensity and initially very low SOM content in Ustepts all contributed to greater OM input than oxidation release. In contrast, lower fertilizer input and crop intensity, and initially high SOM content in the Udolls, led to lower OM input than oxidation release. Increasing SOM content through higher mineral fertilizer input is a valuable option for sustainable agriculture production in areas where SOM is low and there is a shortage or potential shortage of food supply.