Artificial Reefs, the Attraction-production Issue, and Density Dependence in Marine Ornamental Fishes

Artificial reefs may provide a useful tool to enhance production of marine ornamentals and to divert detrimental harvesting activities from sensitive natural habitat. The efficacy of this strategy depends, in part, on the extent to which artificial reefs contribute to new production (vs. attract fishes from natural habitat) and therefore benefit harvested populations on a local and regional basis. Here the attraction and production hypotheses and their application to marine ornamentals are presented. Specifically, it is discussed how the strength and timing of density dependence can affect the response of fish population dynamics to artificial reefs. In addition to this discussion, examples of density dependence in marine ornamentals and related reef fishes are provided. Based on this information, a simple conceptual model is presented to clarify the role of density dependence, and this is followed by a discussion on the use of artificial reefs in the management and production of marine ornamentals. Finally, unresolved scientific issues that remain to be addressed are provided.     

Evidence that 17α,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one is a maturation-inducing steroid in spotted seatrout

Ovarian steroidogenesis during final oocyte maturation (FOM) in the spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) was investigated by incubating ovarian fragments with tritiated pregnenolone, followed by chromatographic separation of the radioactive products. The major tritiated steroid produced during FOM comigrated with 17α,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-dihydro-11-deoxycortisol, 20β-S) on HPLC and TLC. Only minor amounts of radioactive material coeluted with 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α,20β-P), 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), estradiol-17β and testosterone standards in the HPLC system. Additional chromatography by TLC confirmed the presence of radioactive estradiol-17β and testosterone but not 17α,20β-P and DOC. All the ovarian steroids producedin vitro during FOM were assayed for their ability to induce germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of spotted seatrout oocytes. Twenty grams of ovarian tissue were incubated with human chorionic gonadotropin and exogenous pregnenolone. The steroidal products were purified by HPLC and TLC. Most of the maturation-inducing activity was confined to steroidal material which comigrated in these systems with 20β-S. This material was active at a concentration of 1 ng steroid/ml medium in the GVBD assay. Smaller amounts of material which coeluted with 11-deoxycortisol, DOC, 17α,20β-P and several minor unidentified fractions induced GVBD at concentrations of 10 ng steroid(s)/ml. The structure-activity relationships of authentic steroids in inducing GVBD of spotted seatrout oocytes was investigated. Hydroxylation at the 17α, 20β or 21 positions increased potency to induce GVBD. Steroids with multiple hydroxyl groups at the 17α and 20β positions (17α, 20β-P) and at the 17α, 20β, and 21 positions (20β-S) had maximum biological activity in the GVBD bioassay. The results suggest that 20β-S is a major maturation-inducing steroid in spotted seatrout.     

海洋渔业地理信息系统的发展、应用与前景

渔业科学多年来一直注重研究生物形态学、分类学、行为学、生理学、细胞学和育种学等 ,而对于鱼类种群或群聚及其组成成分在海洋中的分布格局、形成、演变及其与环境条件的关系或驱动过程等空间方面的研究较少[1] ;另一方面 ,地理信息系统 (Ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ＧＩＳ)作为处理空间问题的有力工具愈来愈被各学科所接受。上世纪 80年代中后期ＧＩＳ开始应用于海洋渔业研究[2 ] ,并在 90年代得到了较大的发展[3 ] 。海洋渔业地理信息系统的发展可以分为三个阶段 :海洋渔业制图 ,海洋渔业电子图集 ,海洋…     

Volume and Value of Marine Ornamentals Collected in Florida, 1990–98

The marine life fishing industry in Florida is defined by the state as the non-lethal harvest of marine plants, finfish, and invertebrates that are sold live for commercial purposes (primarily into the saltwater aquarium industry). Approximately 330 different species of finfish and invertebrates are harvested by marine life collectors in Florida, including 180 species of finfish and 150 species of invertebrates and plants. In 1998, the total dockside value of these species was approximately US$1.9 million. The industry is highly regulated via limits on gear, handling methods, harvest sizes, and trip/bag/possession limits. Entry into the industry has been recently curtailed by the implementation of a moratorium on marine life endorsements. The total number of licensed harvesters exceeded 700 in 1998. Approximately 70 wholesales buyers also participated in the market during 1998. The majority of the dockside value is generated in south Florida, with the majority of the remaining value accruing from the region including and north of Tampa Bay. Over 80% of the total value associated with both finfish and invertebrates is generated by only 10 species within each group. Dockside prices vary considerably among the various species landed, with those landed in greater volumes exhibiting the lower prices.     

一株鸭源H8N4亚型禽流感病毒分离株的全基因组序列分析及致病性的研究

本研究对2012年从湖南活禽市场中分离到的一株鸭源H8N4亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)A/duck/HuN/S3160/2012(H8N4)进行全基因组序列和进化分析,并对其进行SPF鸡、SPF鸭和BALB/c小鼠的致病性试验.序列分析显示:HA裂解位点序列为339pSIEPK ↓ GLF347,为典型的低致病性AIV特征.内部基因来源较复杂,HuN/160/12的PB1、NS基因分别与A/spot-billed duck/Xianghai/427/2011 (H5N2)和A/wild bird/Korea/A81/2009(H5N2)的同源性最高,其余内部基因同源性最高的病毒株来自H2、H3、H4、H7、H10等亚型分离株,呈现明显的异源性.感染性试验结果显示,病毒在SPF鸭体内可以通过呼吸道和消化道向外排毒,并且能够在气管、肾脏、盲肠扁桃体及法氏囊检测到病毒,而不能在鸡体内有效复制及排毒.对小鼠的感染性试验结果显示,仅在鼻甲和肺检测到病毒存在,其他脏器病毒滴定结果为阴性,体重呈一过性下降,表明该病毒为低致病性AIV.     

经济转型升级背景下福建省海洋文化产业发展研究

福建省是海洋大省,拥有发展海洋经济得天独厚的坚实基础,发展海洋经济将成为福建省实现跨越式发展的重要转型方向。福建省海洋经济的发展为福建省发展海洋文化产业奠定了良好的基础,福建省海洋文化资源丰富,底蕴深厚,未来海洋文化产业必将占有重要地位,并发挥重要作用。该文从福建经济转型升级与海洋文化产业发展的互动机制入手,分析福建省海洋文化产业发展的制约因素,提出福建省发展海洋文化产业的模式及战略举措。     

马鞍列岛海洋特别保护区斑头六线鱼的摄食习性

为了解马鞍列岛海洋特别保护区岩礁生境斑头六线鱼的摄食习性,基于2009年3月~2010年2月多网目组合刺网调查获取的252尾斑头六线鱼样本,研究了斑头六线鱼的饵料组成和摄食策略。结果表明斑头六线鱼主要摄食端足类的麦秆虫,是以麦秆虫为主食的狭食性鱼类。斑头六线鱼摄食种类随季节变化,春季、夏季和秋季主要摄食端足类,表现为狭食性的摄食特性,冬季主要摄食蟹类、腹足类和其他类,表现为广食性的摄食特性。     

Spillover effects of a Mediterranean marine protected area on the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) resource

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Annual dynamics of marine birnavirus (MABV) in cultured Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> and sea water

ABSTRACT:   Seasonal changes in the infection state of marine birnavirus (MABV) in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and in rearing sea water are described. Sea water and 10–11 healthy fish were sampled monthly from April 2002 to February 2003. The MABV genome was detected throughout the year in > 80% of the fish examined at each sampling. The virus was isolated from the liver, kidney, and spleen, but not from the brain. The detection rate in each organ increased from April to October, and then decreased. Detection of virus antigen by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique also showed that the virus was present from spring to autumn (June–September) in the liver, kidney, and spleen, but not the brain. Sequence analysis of the MABV genome at the VP2–NS region revealed two specific mutations compared to the standard yellowtail strain (Y-6). It is suggested that the infection state of MABV in Japanese flounder changes to a latent or persistent infection after autumn. MABV was detected in sea water between September and February, suggesting that virus particles in the environment are relatively higher during cool seasons.