Ischemia–reperfusion injury: assessment and treatment, part II

Objective: To review the current scientific literature on ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury in both human and veterinary medicine and to describe the assessment of IR injury, the available testing methods, and the options available for treatment. Data sources: Data sources include scientific reviews and original research publications in both human and veterinary medicine. Summary: The assessment of IR injury includes measuring products formed by the reaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with biological membranes, measuring levels of endogenous antioxidants, and measuring ROS themselves. Testing depends on the laboratory used, the test method chosen, the sample submitted (i.e., plasma, urine, tissue, etc.), and the timing of the test in relation to sample collection. For this reason, testing is not standardized and pharmacological data on antioxidant effectiveness are not available. Antioxidants and drugs tested have included single agents as well as ‘cocktails’ consisting of several agents working at different key points in the injury cascade. Conclusions: There are several new testing methods as well as new strategies for attempting to ameliorate the damage inflicted upon reperfusion and this article is intended as a review of the assessment and treatment of IR injury.     

Activated antioxidant enzymes-reduced malondialdehyde concentration,and improved mineral uptake-promoted watermelon seedlings growth under boron deficiency

Although boron deficiency (BD) is a drastic disorder to the agriculture crops, its effects on watermelon still unknown. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of BD (0 and 0.5 mg L^?1) on different morphological, physiological and biochemical traits, and mineral uptake during early seedlings stage of watermelon. B-deficiency induced leaf chlorosis in watermelon initiated from the leaf margins and tips. Despite that, BD increased shoot length, and root and shoot dry weight of BD-watermelon seedlings. BD decreased leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and photosynthetic parameters without affecting quantum yield of PSII. BD significantly inhibited total soluble protein accumulation, while leaf proline content was unaffected. A significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities in response to higher hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) generation could possibly reduced lipid peroxidation and promoted BD-watermelon plant growth. BD influenced mineral uptake variously: the induction of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn), and the preservation of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and molybdenum (Mo) levels in the leaves could maintain watermelon growth; while, the inhibition of magnesium (Mg) uptake seemed to be responsible for suppressed leaf chlorophyll and photosynthesis. These results would further help in understanding the physiological pathways and mechanisms associated with BD especially in watermelon, and provide database for fertilizer recommendations in B-deficient areas.     

水分胁迫对3种苗木叶片渗透调节物质与保护酶活性的影响

以1 a生刺槐 （Robinia pseudoacacia）、元宝枫（Acer truncatum）和侧柏 （Platycladus oriˉ entalis）苗木为材料,通过盆栽控水试验研究了水分胁迫对3种苗木叶片丙二醛含量、 渗透调节物 质和保护酶活性的影响,并探讨了这些生理指标与其抗旱性的关系。结果表明,随胁迫 强度增大,3 种苗木的渗透调节物质游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量增加,而可溶性蛋白含量降低;丙二醛 （MDA） 含量随水分胁迫程度的加剧呈递增趋势;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和 过氧化氢 酶（CAT）活性随干旱强度增大,开始增加,而在重度胁迫时,酶活性下降,但水分胁迫 时的酶活性 始终高于正常水分时。     

纹枯病菌对不同水稻品种叶片中抗病性相关酶活性的影响

对优质抗纹枯病水稻品种ZH5、较抗纹枯病品种特青、感纹枯病品种Lemont及恢复系泸恢17、多系1号和GB8等水稻材料进行纹枯病菌接种,测定了水稻叶片中与抗病性相关的超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD) 的活性和丙二醛 (MDA) 的含量。不论纹枯病菌接种与否,ZH5和特青叶片中SOD活性均明显高于Lemont;纹枯病菌接种后,抗性品种ZH5和特青叶片中POD活性升高,感病品种Lemont 叶片中POD活性降低;不论是抗病还是感病的水稻材料,纹枯病菌接种后叶片中MDA含量均有所增加,但ZH5叶片中MDA含量明显低于其他参试材料。     

Foliar spraying of aqueous garlic bulb extract stimulates growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)

Recently,botanical extracts are gaining popularity as biostimulants in vegetable production.In present study,the effect of aqueous garlic bulb extract(AGE)was studied on the growth and physiology of eggplant grown in plastic tunnel.AGE was foliage sprayed with various frequencies,i.e.,0,S1(once),S2(twice)and S3(three times)at two independent growth stages,pre-and post-transplant.The results showed that the treated plants exhibited stimulatory responses in growth and physiology in accord with the repetition of AGE spray and growth stages of the plants,respectively.A single foliage sprayed pre-transplant resulted in improved growth,i.e.,plant morphology and biomass,and enhanced antioxidants enzymes(superoxide dismutase,SOD;peroxidase,POD),photosynthesis and chlorophyll abundance observed at vegetative,first flowering and fruit setting stages,respectively.However,thrice application inhibited the plant growth and development and resulted in lipid peroxidation,i.e.,increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content.In addition,the post-transplant application also showed growth stimulation and interestingly,an overall positive influence was observed with respect to the AGE application and no significant increase in the MDA content indicated the post-transplant seedlings responded well.Our findings demonstrate that AGE can act as a biostimulant to enhance the eggplant growth in plastic tunnel production.     

苣荬菜对盐胁迫的生理响应

研究了苣荬菜在不同浓度NaCl(0,3,6,9,12g/kg)胁迫下生理指标的变化。结果表明,随盐浓度的增大,叶片质膜透性、丙二醛含量升高,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、POD活性上升,可溶性有机渗透调节物质脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量上升,可溶性蛋白含量仅在低浓度下升高,之后随NaCl浓度升高降低,表明苣荬菜抗盐能力较强。     

铅胁迫对4种行道树种幼苗叶片丙二醛含量的影响

以具有较高观赏价值、适合作行道树的香樟、深山含笑、栾树、鹅掌楸的1年生幼苗为试材,通过盆栽试验,研究其在不同程度铅污染土壤中叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,铅胁迫下,植株叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量不仅受Pb2+浓度主效应的影响,还受树种×浓度、树种×浓度×时间交互效应的影响。     

Nitrogen in Relation to Photosynthetic Capacity and Accumulation of Osmoprotectant and Nutrients in Brassica Genotypes Grown Under Salt Stress

Different strategies of the application of nutrients are required to overcome the adverse effects of mustard （Brassica juncea L.） in response to NaCl stress. The objective of the present study was to determine if different added levels of nitrogen （N） in growth medium could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on photosynthetic capacity and accumulation of osmoprotectants and nutrients. 14 days mustard seedlings of salt-sensitive （cv. Chuutki） and salt-tolerant （cv. Radha） genotypes were fed with： （i） 0 mmol L^-1 NaCl ＋ 0 mg N kg^-1 sand （control）, （ii） 90 mmol L^-1 NaCl ＋ 30 mg N kg^-1 sand, （iii） 90 mmol L^-1 NaCl ＋60 mg N kg^-1 sand, （iv） 90 mmol L^-1 NaCl ＋90 mg N kg^-1 sand and （v） 90 mmol L^-1NaCl＋ 120 mg N kg^-1 sand. Under the condition of salinity stress, N application caused a significant ameliorative effect on both genotypes with respect to growth attributes [fresh weight （FW） and dry weight （DW）] and physio-biochemical parameters [percent water content （WC）, net photosynthetic rate （PN）, stomatal conductance （gs）, total chlorophyll （Ch1）, carbonic anhydrase （CA） activity and malondialdehyde （MDA）, nitrogen （N）, potassium （K） and sodium （Na） contents, and K/Na ratio] and yield attributes （number of pods/plant, seeds/pod and seed yield/plant）. The salt-tolerant genotype exhibited maximum value for growth, physio-biochemical and yield attributes at 60 mg N kg 1 sand than that of salt-sensitive genotype. These results suggest that application of N may ameliorate most of the attributes and prove to be a physiological remedy to increase the tolerance against the ill effects of salt stress in Brassicas.     

灰树花多糖延缓果蝇衰老作用

通过果蝇生存试验,在其培养基中分别加入0、0.25、0.5、2.0 g.L-1灰树花多糖(GF06-P),计算果蝇半数死亡天数、平均寿命、最高平均寿命,并测定果蝇组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力.结果表明,0.5 g.L-1GF06-P能显著延长雌果蝇的平均寿命、半数死亡时间和最高平均寿命,延长率分别为22.00%、19.71%和28.32%,对雄性果蝇平均寿命、半数死亡时间和最高平均寿命,延长率分别为17.67%、13.31%和12.74%;还能显著提高雄性果蝇的总抗氧化能力17.78%;极显著提高雌果蝇的总抗氧化能力48.64%.0.25和2.0 g.L-1GF06-P对果蝇寿命的延长作用效果不如0.5 g.L-1GF06-P.     

有氧运动对小鼠心肌、骨骼肌线粒体SOD、MDA、LDH的影响

探讨了有氧运动对小鼠心肌、骨骼肌线粒体SOD、MDA、LDH的影响.结果表明,在3 h游泳运动后,试验组与对照组小鼠心肌中SOD的活性无显著差异(P>0.05),而骨骼肌中SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05);试验组小鼠心肌、骨骼肌线粒体中MDA的含量均有所升高,差异显著(P<0.05):LDH活性有所降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05).说明有氧运动对小鼠骨骼肌中SOD活性和小鼠心肌、骨骼肌线粒体中MDA含量的影响显著,但对LDH活性无显著影响.