适宜节水灌溉模式抑制寒地稻田N_2O排放增加水稻产量

2014年在大田试验条件下,设置控制灌溉、间歇灌溉、浅湿灌溉及淹灌4种水分管理模式,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法田间观测寒地水稻生长季N2O排放特征,研究不同灌溉模式对寒地稻田N2O排放的影响及N2O排放对土壤环境要素的响应,同时测定水稻产量,以期为寒地稻田N2O排放特征研究提供对策。结果表明:不同灌溉模式下N2O排放的高峰均出现在水分交替频繁阶段,水稻生育阶段前期,各处理N2O排放都处于较低水平,泡田期几乎无N2O排放。与淹灌相比,间歇灌溉使N2O排放总量增加47.3%,控制灌溉和浅湿灌溉使N2O排放总量减少40.7%和39.6%。寒地稻田N2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量关系密切,与土壤10 cm温度显著相关(P0.05)。水稻生长期间各处理N2O排放顺序间歇灌溉淹灌,二者均显著高于浅湿灌溉和控制灌溉(P0.05)。各处理水稻产量以浅湿灌溉最低、其他方式差异不显著。可见,间歇灌溉有助于提高水稻产量,但会促进稻田N2O的排放。在综合考虑水稻产量及稻田温室效应的需求下,控制灌溉为最佳灌溉方式,应予以高度重视。该研究可为黑龙江寒地稻作区选择节水减排模式提供科学支撑。     

松嫩高平原黑土区耕地资源安全的驱动机制分析

为了深入剖析影响区域耕地资源安全驱动因子的作用机理,研究区域耕地资源安全驱动机制。该文以松嫩高平原黑土区巴彦县为例,运用Matlab编程,采用遗传算法对神经网络模型进行改进,结合相关分析法,识别影响耕地资源安全的关键性因子及其与之相关的因子,应用多元回归分析和完全二次回归分析方法,阐明影响因子间的协同作用关系,进而揭示其对耕地资源安全影响的作用机理和驱动机制。结果表明：1）影响研究区耕地资源安全的协同作用关系中,不同影响因子间的协同作用正向和负向交互进行,且不同因子间协同作用大小也不尽相同;2）影响研究区耕地资源安全的自然因素、社会经济因素、生态因素中,自然因素对研究区耕地资源安全起促进作用,社会经济因素和生态因素起抑制作用,且社会经济因素对研究区耕地资源安全的抑制作用最强,生态因素的抑制作用次之;3）在主要影响因子中,土壤质地对耕地资源安全的促进作用最强,pH 值次之,黑土层厚度的促进作用最弱,而高程对耕地资源安全抑制作用最强,水土流失量仅次之,氟的抑制作用最弱。该研究成果可为黑土区耕地资源保护及耕地资源的合理利用提供参考。     

黄土丘陵区坡耕地依存度指数动态分析

坡耕地利用是黄土丘陵区水土流失的直接原因,也是这一地区长期以来为了生存和发展的艰难抉择,退耕政策实施后,当地农户对坡耕地的依赖性是否发生了根本性的变化,是退耕成果是否能够巩固的关键.以固原市上黄生态试区为例,根据该试区“六五”时期至“十一五”时期调查资料,通过构建坡耕地依存度指数分析方法,对上黄试区不同时期坡耕地依存度指数进行了动态分析,结果表明:坡耕地粮食依存度指数在治理前达到0.8,治理后期为0.51,退耕期坡耕地粮食依存度指数显著降低,“十一五”末期,坡耕地粮食依存度指数仅为0.09;坡耕地经济依存度指数在治理期间呈波动态势,其值介于0.26～0.36之间,粮食价格和粮食单产是其波动的主要原因.退耕后,坡耕地经济依存度指数明显下降,“十五”时期和“十一五”时期,坡耕地经济依存度指数分别仅为0.11和0.09,在这其中,政策贡献率分别达到91.97％和91.96％.上述结论说明,上黄试区坡耕地在整个研究期间,特别是退耕期,由于耕地集约度水平的提高,以及农户农业系统外收益的提升,当地农户对坡耕地的依赖程度也随之大大降低,农户对坡坡耕地的投入是一种越来越不经济的行为,退耕坡耕地复耕的可能性大大降低.     

Soil respiration as affected by vegetation types in a semiarid region of China

There are variations in soil respiration across vegetation types; however, it is unclear which factors are mainly responsible for the variations. A field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 in a semiarid region of China to investigate the daytime and monthly variation of soil respiration across vegetation types and to determine the factors controlling the variation. An automated portable soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux measurement system was used to measure the soil respiration in shrubland, grassland, fallow land, and cropland during the growing periods. The results showed that the relative daytime variation amplitude of soil respiration in the fallow land and cropland was as small as that of shrubland and grassland during July, but greater than that of shrubland and grassland during August and October. A hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime soil temperature was observed for all four vegetation types. There was also a hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime air temperature for the grassland. Over the study period, the monthly soil respiration rates of the fallow land and cropland were statistically comparable and significantly lower than those of the shrubland and grassland, with the exception of August, during which the monthly soil respiration of the cropland was as great as that of shrubland and grassland. The factors responsible for the monthly soil respiration variation across the vegetation types differed from month to month. In general, the soil temperature and soil water content were mainly responsible in August and September; however, the root biomass predominated in July and October. The results are valuable for accurately estimating regional carbon fluxes by considering the temporal variability of the soil respiration variation across vegetation types in the Loess Plateau of China.     

Characteristics and factors controlling the development of ephemeral gullies in cultivated catchments of black soil region, Northeast China

Ephemeral gully erosion is an important process in the black soil region, Northeast China and can be responsible for severe damage to agricultural lands. However, little research on gully formation in this area has been published. The study described in this paper attempted to quantify soil losses, the spatial distribution and morphology of the gullies, and the factors that control their development. Ephemeral gullies were measured in spring and summer of 2005 in two small catchments. The critical periods for ephemeral gully formation were late spring and summer in the study area. Mean soil losses due to ephemeral gully erosion were 0.40 and 0.43 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ for only croplands despite low slope gradients, and this loss is above the tolerable erosion rates of 0.20 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. The erosion rates were greater in spring because the topsoil thawed before deeper layers, reducing infiltration into the soil, and the bare vegetation cover provided no barriers to surface flow. In contrast, summer erosion occurred primarily in response to intense rain events. Development of the gullies was promoted by freeze-thaw cycles in spring and was affected by the type of agricultural operations and crops in summer. A linear regression model for the prediction of ephemeral gully length at the catchment level was established using field data, and although it did not successfully predict the length of individual gullies, it explained 55% of the variation in ephemeral gully length.     

干旱区流域水文生态系统质量综合评价研究--以新疆自治区玛纳斯河流域为例

根据玛纳斯河流域水文生态现状和存在的主要问题,构建了由3层19项指标组成的综合评价指标体系;基于层次分析法进行了指标权重分配,确定了评价标准和两级模糊综合评判法,并以玛纳斯河流域为例进行了实例验证。结果表明,水文气象要素和生态环境要素对玛纳斯河流域水文生态系统质量影响较大,两者对很差级别的隶属度分别高达38.4%和47.0%,而社会经济要素相对较好,对良级别的隶属度高达59.2%,总体来说该流域水文生态系统质量较差。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,说明层次分析法和两级模糊综合评判法在干旱区流域水文生态系统质量综合评价中具有一定的应用价值。     

辽宁省粮菜主产区农村饮用水硝酸盐污染状况研究

为了解农村饮用水硝酸盐污染情况,2005-2008年连续4年7次采集辽宁省粮食、蔬菜主产区农户井水样品1307个,利用TU-1810DASPC紫外可见光光度计测定了硝酸盐含量。结果表明,粮食、蔬菜主产区农村饮用水硝酸盐含量平均值为18．96mg·L^-1,大于20mg·L^-1的样品占32．08％。保护地蔬菜产区农户饮用水硝酸盐含量平均值为21．26mg·L^-1,个别的蔬菜种植户地下水硝酸盐含量达到396．67mg·L^-1。水稻产区农村饮用水硝酸盐含量平均值为20．62mg·L^-1,玉米产区农户饮用水硝酸盐含量为17．8mg·L^-1。受硝酸盐污染的水井占监测水井总数的百分比分别为：昌图县34．52％、开原市49．63％、铁岭县38．92％、新民市52．68％、辽中县39．82％黑山具3242％和北镇市32．99％．     

基于整合驱动因素和适宜性评价的乡村聚落重构模式研究

为了破解乡村发展过程中的土地供需矛盾,保护农户合法权益,减少农村居民点整合过程中的争议,推进乡村振兴战略的实施,该研究以陇中黄土丘陵区通渭县四合村为案例区,综合“参与式农村评估(participatory rural appraisal,PRA)+结构方程模型(structural equation modeling, SEM)+适应性评价(suitability evaluation, SE)”方法,剖析农户对乡村聚落的整合意愿及驱动机制,并在适宜性评价的基础上探究乡村聚落重构模式,为陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落的空间格局优化与整合提供一种方法与案例研究。结果表明:1)190户受访农户中79.5%的农户不愿意整合,整合意愿受到家庭、居住和社会等因素的综合影响,其中房屋建造时间、交通通达度及家庭非农收入是影响农户整合意愿主要驱动因素;2)四合村域由外向内依次可分为不适宜居住区、较适宜居住区和适宜居住区3级,其中位于适宜居住区的农户共计168户,占四合村农户数量的51.38%,超过半数的农户位于不适宜居住区和较适宜居住区,具有一定程度的整治潜力和较大的乡村聚落居住质量提升空间;3)构建基于整合驱动因素和适宜性评价的乡村聚落重构模式:生态转化模式、异地搬迁模式、旧村整治模式和改造提升模式,并对现有聚落进行空间重构。重构后,四合村宅基地数量将由354个减少至275个,面积由102 105.63 m2减少至79 708.79 m2,节约土地22 396.84 m2。研究结果对于引导宜居乡村建设具有指导意义,亦可为陇中黄土丘陵区乡村聚落重构提供科学依据。     

原状黄土蠕变特性试验研究

以在陕西省杨凌区所采集的黄土样品为研究对象,对不同初始含水率的原状黄土进行了剪切蠕变试验,获取了蠕变曲线和蠕变特征参数,并研究了含水率、剪应力水平对蠕变特性的影响.结果表明,当含水率一定时,剪应力水平对黄土的蠕变特性有较大的影响,表现为剪应力愈大,黄土的蠕变应变愈大;当剪应力水平一定时,含水率对黄土蠕变特性影响明显,表现为含水率愈大,蠕变应变愈大.根据蠕变曲线特征,建立了原状黄土的蠕变本构模型,通过试验数据拟合得到本构模型中的参数.经验证,该模型能较好地模拟杨凌地区原状黄土的蠕变特性.     

湖南省及自然保护区蝶类资源记述及保护利用研究

对湖南省及自然保护区蝶类8 000 余号标本的鉴定,确定湖南省及各自然保护区蝶类284 种,隶属于11 科132 属,其中凤蝶科13 属32 种、粉蝶科9 属24 种、斑蝶科4 属7 种、环蝶科3属3 种、眼蝶科14 属51 种、蛱蝶科37 属82 种、珍蝶科1 属1 种、喙蝶科1 属2 种、蚬蝶科2 属4种、灰蝶科23 属35 种、弄蝶科25 属43 种。对已鉴定的标本抽取有详细分布资料的240 种进行区系分析,得出湖南省蝶类在世界动物地理区划中,以东洋区种为主,占38.33% ,中国特有种占26.67% ,古北区种占15.42% ,古北- 东洋共有种占13.32% ,其他组合比例较低;湖南蝶类在中国地理区划中,以华中- 华南共有种、华中-华南- 西南共有种为主,分别占17.50% 和16.25% ,其次华中- 华南- 青藏共有种占12.08% ,其他组合比例较低;对湖南省240 种蝶类在湖南4 个农业区的归属进行分析,得出其在湘西农业区所占比重为25.83% ,四区共有种20.83% ,其它农业区及组合所占比重较低。并提出了蝶类资源保护与利用措施。