云南主要烟区烟蚜种群解毒酶活力比较

通过测定烟蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的α-NA羧酸酯酶、β-NA羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力,比较了云南5个主要烟区田间烟蚜种群的4种酶的活力频率分布,结果表明,云南5个烟区的烟蚜田间种群的α-NA羧酸酯酶、β-NA羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的高活力个体均以楚雄和昆明种群较高,昭通种群和丽江种群较低。谷胱甘肽转移酶在5个烟区烟蚜种群间差异不大。     

不同处理及pH变化对果胶酶诱导抗病性的影响

从不同处理方法、酶液pH变化等方面对果胶酶诱导黄瓜抗黑星病效能的影响进行了研究。结果表明，在果胶酶的4种不同处理试验中，以全株表面喷雾法处理的黄瓜黄化子叶黑星病的病情指数降低最多，浓度100和200U／ml的诱导防病效果分别为56．34％和64．13％；下胚轴注射、灌根和漫种等3种处理方法的诱导抗病效果均不显著。经果胶酶诱导处理的黄瓜绿苗叶片病情明显降低，而处理叶上部的未处理叶片发病情况与相应对照差别不大。该结果表明，果胶酶诱导黄瓜绿苗抗黑星病的作用属于局部诱导。果胶酶处理次数的增加可增强其诱导抗病效果，并延长诱导抗病时间。酶液pH变化对果胶酶的诱导抗病作用影响显著，pH5．5时，2个浓度的诱导效果最好，分别为51．87％和66．42％。     

轮纹病菌侵染对不同抗性苹果品种膜透性及防御酶的影响

对轮纹病菌Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp.piricola侵染3个不同抗性苹果品种枝条后的细胞膜透性及防御酶系的变化进行了测定,以分析其与抗性的关系。结果表明,接种后38天内,3个品种电解质渗出率均有先升后降的趋势,鸡冠、国光和富士电解质渗出率变化的峰值分别为8.1%、12.2%和18.4%,抗病品种鸡冠的变化明显低于感病品种富士和国光。接种后35天内,苯丙氨酸解氨酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶也表现为先升后降的趋势,且抗病品种的峰值出现较晚。抗病品种鸡冠的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性变化峰值分别为234、50.88U·g-1FW·h-1和14.22U·g-1FW·min-1,高于国光和富士,而多酚氧化酶活性变化的峰值为37.78U·g-1FW·min-1,低于感病品种国光和富士。     

采后热空气处理对金冠苹果后熟衰老及病害的影响

金冠苹果采用38℃,72h或96h热空气处理,可降低0℃贮藏中果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,延缓非溶性果胶的降解,维持较高的硬度、脆度,同时也会加速果皮的褪绿变黄和固酸比的上升,尤其是38℃96h处理的作用效果更为明显,显著提高了货架期后(20℃7d)苹果的质地品质和可接受程度,延缓衰老。苹果分别接种扩展青霉、灰葡萄孢霉,0℃和20℃条件下其病害发生率和腐烂均很严重,采用38℃96h热空气处理可以完全控制病害的发生,避免腐烂。可见,热空气处理一方面能延缓金冠苹果的后熟衰老,另一方面还能控制贮期病害的发生。     

我国酿酒葡萄抗寒育种的回顾与展望

人民生活水平的提高为葡萄酒产业提供了很大的发展空间。我国葡萄酒主产区之一的东北(包括内蒙古北部),由于冬季严寒和无霜期短,不适于欧亚种酿酒葡萄品种栽培,因此开展酿酒葡萄抗寒育种研究具有重要的实际意义。阐述了半个世纪来我国山葡萄品种选育和应用山葡萄×欧亚种、山-欧F1×山葡萄、山-欧F1×欧亚种、山-欧F1×山-欧F14种杂交模式进行种间杂交选育抗寒酿造葡萄品种方面取得的研究进展。并重点讨论了21世纪我国酿酒葡萄抗寒育种发展的技术路线。     

Note: Pyrethroid resistance and possible involvement of glutathione<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>-transferases in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> from Turkey

An introductory study was conducted to investigate the pyrethroid resistance ofHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) strains in Turkey, collected from cotton fields in the Adana and Antalya provinces, through two different synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: lambda-cyhalothrin and esfenvalerate. In addition, the roles of glutathioneS-transferases (GSTs) in this resistance mechanism were analyzed. It was found that whereas resistance ratios for lambda-cyhalothrin (LD₅₀ levels) were 3- and 98-fold increased in the Adana and Antalya strains, respectively, esfenvalerate ratios were 3.3- and 92.3-fold increased in the Adana and Antalya strains, respectively, with respect to the susceptible strain. Furthermore, Adana and Antalya strains showed 2.4- and 2.9-fold higher GST activities than the susceptible strain, respectively. In the Antalya field strain, the minor increase in GST activity compared with the resistance levels implies that GSTs may be not greatly involved in this resistance. It also provides evidence that they could not be the only metabolic mechanism responsible for resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and esfenvalerate inH. armigera from Turkey. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 16, 2006.     

优质晚熟制汁葡萄新品种‘北丰’

 ‘北丰’由‘蘡薁葡萄’与‘玫瑰香’杂交育成。浆果在北京地区9月下旬成熟。果粒椭圆形, 紫黑色, 果粒质量2.9 g, 果穗质量38916 g, 可溶性固形物含量为19.1% ～23.1% , 含酸量0175% ,出汁率81.9% , 汁多, 紫红色, 味酸甜, 品质上等。早果, 丰产, 抗寒性、抗旱性及抗病虫能力均强。     

Involvement of esterases in diazinon resistance and biphasic effects of piperonyl butoxide on diazinon toxicity to Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Resistance to insecticides remains a major problem for the successful control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), one of the most important pests of cattle in many countries including the United States. The organophosphate (OP) insecticide diazinon has been used to control pyrethroid-resistant populations of the horn fly. There are only a few reported cases of horn fly resistance to diazinon in the United States and Mexico. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has been used successfully as a synergist of pyrethroid insecticides to control horn flies. PBO-synergized diazinon products are also available for horn fly control in the United States, although PBO is known to inhibit the bio-activation of certain OP insecticides including diazinon. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies using a filter paper bioassay technique. These bioassays in both the susceptible and diazinon-resistant horn fly strains revealed a biphasic effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies. PBO inhibited diazinon toxicity when the PBO concentration used was high (5%), and no effect was observed when PBO concentration was intermediate (2%). However, at low concentrations (1% and lower), PBO significantly synergized diazinon toxicity. We demonstrated that enhanced esterase activity was associated with survivability of horn flies exposed to diazinon alone. PBO has been shown to inhibit esterase activity in other insect species. However, results of biochemical assays with esterases from this study suggest that PBO did not have significant effect on the overall esterase activity in the horn fly. The observed synergistic effect of PBO at lower concentrations on diazinon toxicity to horn flies could not be explained by reduced esterase activity due to PBO inhibition. It is likely that PBO synergized diazinon toxicity at lower concentrations by facilitating penetration of diazinon through the cuticle and/or inhibiting the oxidative detoxification of diazinon, and reduced diazinon toxicity at high PBO concentration by inhibiting the bio-activation of diazinon.     

Mutated sodium channel genes and elevated monooxygenases are found in pyrethroid resistant populations of Sri Lankan malaria vectors

The present status of pyrethroid resistance in vectors of malaria; Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus, was tested in two malarious Districts, Anuradhapura and Trincomalee, of Sri Lanka. Both species were resistant to permethrin and susceptible to cypermethrin and cyfluthrin. An. subpictus were resistant to deltamethrin. λ-Cyhalothrin and etofenprox resistance was shown only by Anuradhapura An. subpictus. Although there were no differences among the populations for esterase and glutathione S-transferase activities, increased monooxygenase levels were found among Trincomalee populations. The voltage-gated sodium channel gene, the target site gene of pyrethroids, was partially sequenced to screen for mutations previously associated with insecticide resistance. The classic leucine to phenylalanine substitution, TTA to TTT, was detected in An. subpictus. It appears that both kdr type and monooxygenase resistance underlie pyrethroid resistance in these two malaria vectors of Sri Lanka.     

山东省小规模养鸡场沙门氏菌流行病学调查分析

对近年来山东省内鸡沙门氏菌病进行了调查,并对典型的沙门氏菌做了生化鉴定和药物敏感试验。调查表明沙门氏菌病在小规模养殖场的发生呈上升趋势,常与大肠杆菌病、新城疫和鸡球虫病混合感染。对所分离的沙门氏菌株鉴定表明,70%为副伤寒沙门氏菌,也有鸡白痢沙门氏菌的存在。药敏试验结果表明沙门氏菌对传统的防治细菌性药物产生了多重耐药性,这说明细菌耐药性的产生和发展与抗生素长期反复使用和盲目使用有密切的关系。本文为更有效地防控细菌性疫病提供科学依据。