基因编辑技术及其在家畜生产中的应用

基因编辑技术是一类对目的基因进行靶向改变的现代生物技术,因其具有修饰效率高、特异性强、无物种限制等特点,得到了广泛的关注和应用.文章综述了4种基因编辑技术及其在家畜育种、生产性状改良、生物模型构建、优质饲草培育与供应等方面的研究与应用情况,并对该技术的应用前景进行了展望.     

枸杞叶的营养价值及其在畜禽生产中的应用

枸杞叶是茄科枸杞属植物枸杞的茎叶,其营养成分和活性成分种类与枸杞子基本相同,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值.该文综述了枸杞叶的营养价值、活性成分及在畜禽生产中的应用,探讨其提高畜禽生产性能、肉品质及抗病力的机理,以期为枸杞叶在畜禽生产中的研究开发提供理论支持.     

A survey of northern Victorian dairy farmers to investigate dairy calf management: colostrum feeding and management

Objectives

To describe colostrum management practices carried out in northern Victorian dairy herds and to identify weaknesses in these areas that may affect calf health and welfare by comparing the results with the current industry recommendations

Methods

A questionnaire to obtain information about colostrum management and calf‐rearing practices was sent to commercial dairy farming clients of Rochester Veterinary Practice between June and September 2013. The questionnaire consisted of a general herd overview and colostrum harvesting practices.

Results

The response rate was 39% (58/150). Many dairy producers were not meeting the current industry recommendations in the following areas: (1) time of removal calf from the dam, (2) relying on calf suckling colostrum from the dam to achieve adequate passive transfer, (3) failing to supplement calves with colostrum, (4) feeding inadequate volumes of colostrum, (5) delayed colostrum harvesting, (6) pooling of colostrum, (7) failing to objectively assess colostrum quality or relying on visual assessment and (8) storing colostrum for a prolonged periods of time at ambient temperatures.

Conclusion

The results from this survey highlight the need for greater awareness of industry standards for colostrum management and feeding hygiene.

     

Antimicrobial‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae recovered from companion animal and livestock environments

Antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria represent an important concern impacting both veterinary medicine and public health. The rising prevalence of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL), AmpC beta‐lactamase, carbapenemase (CRE) and fluoroquinolone‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae continually decreases the efficiency of clinically important antibiotics. Moreover, the potential for zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant enteric bacteria increases the risk to public health. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of specific antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on human contact surfaces in various animal environments. Environmental surface samples were collected from companion animal shelters, private equine facilities, dairy farms, livestock auction markets and livestock areas of county fairs using electrostatic cloths. Samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae expressing AmpC, ESBL, CRE or fluoroquinolone resistance using selective media. Livestock auction markets and county fairs had higher levels of bacteria expressing both cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance than did equine, dairy, and companion animal environments. Equine facilities harboured more bacteria expressing cephalosporin resistance than companion animal shelters, but less fluoroquinolone resistance. The regular use of extended‐spectrum cephalosporins in livestock populations could account for the increased levels of cephalosporin resistance in livestock environments compared to companion animal and equine facilities. Human surfaces, as well as shared human and animal surfaces, were contaminated with resistant bacteria regardless of species environment. Detecting these bacteria on common human contact surfaces suggests that the environment can serve as a reservoir for the zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Identifying interventions to lower the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in animal environments will protect both animal and public health.     

当前我国苜蓿产业发展的形势与任务

通过对我国苜蓿产业发展现状的综合分析,认为我国苜蓿产业正处于从盲目投资、无序竞争的低水平生产向技术与资金配套完备、市场运作合理的生产方式发展的转型期。由此,提出未来发展中我国苜蓿产业发展面临的主要任务为行业协会建设、品种繁育与种子产业建设、草产品生产管理技术体系建设、技术推广与服务体系建设、产品品种多样化与深加工产业建设以及产业优化布局与深化建设等。     

“以畜控草”与新疆草畜平衡管理的探讨

长期以来,社会各界及业内都把"以草定畜"视为对天然草地放牧管理与生态保护和建设的终极目标,"以草定畜"似乎已被广泛认同,但是,在草原牧区实现"以草定畜"依然任重道远。在新疆天山北坡,同地带、同一类型的山地草甸草地,在夏季与冬季两种不同放牧利用制度下,植被成分差异显著,在冬季放牧利用制度下,山地草甸草地植被成分中,阔叶杂类草及小灌木明显增多,牧草再生性减弱;而在夏季放牧利用制度下,植被成分中小杂类草与禾本科牧草明显增多,牧草再生性增强;在降水量较丰富的中山带,禁牧封育2～3年后,植被成分中饲用价值低、家畜不宜采食的粗大杂类草明显增多。"以畜控草"应该成为更加积极的草地管理态度和方式。在目前天然草地放牧量难以较大幅度减控的情况下,通过"以畜控草",可以既保持草地植被健康状况又有利于草原畜牧业的发展,这对于实施牧民定居与冷季舍饲的新疆草原牧区,具有极为重要的现实意义。     

充分利用石山灌草丛草地资源发展广西马山县山羊优势产业

在阐述广西马山县石山灌草丛草地的自然环境、草地饲草资源以及马山黑山羊生产性能和现状的基础上。分析了制约马山黑山羊生产发展的主要因素,提出了饲草资源开发利用的对策．并针对马山县发展山羊优势产业的现状和存在的问题提出了相关建议,以期达到充分利用马山黑山羊的品牌优势、突破制约发展山羊产业的饲料瓶颈、指导当地农民增收致富的目的。     

蚯蚓在现代农牧业中的应用研究

蚯蚓可消除畜禽废弃物公害,可为养殖业提供优质蛋白质原料和治疗多种畜禽疾病,有利于建立农业良性结构,实现农牧结合。因此,以蚯蚓为链条的生态循环农业是促进现代农牧业发展的有效途径。     

拷贝数变异及其在畜禽中的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性一直以来都是很多分子生物学家研究的焦点。生物体基因组研究的核心内容是为了了解表型差异的分子遗传机制,但是要理解表型差异的分子基础就必须要对所有类型的变异有深刻的认识,而不仅仅是单核苷酸变异。拷贝数变异是指DNA 片段大小范围从kb到Mb的亚微观突变,由于很多拷贝数变异的片段足够大,包含了整个基因,因此,相对于单核苷酸变异它们更有可能影响生物体的健康。很多研究结果表明,特殊基因的拷贝数变异与表型差异有着显著的联系。作者阐述了拷贝数变异的概念,重点介绍了这种变异的形成机制和检测方法,并阐述了其在畜禽中的研究。     

中国黑熊及其养殖业的发展现状

如何认识、正确处理野生动物的保护与利用之间的关系是极为重要的。与中国传统医药发展息息相关的黑熊养殖业,在中国已经存在20多年了。目前已完成了自野外捕获向自我繁殖以维持种群发展的关键转折,实现了养殖技术的升级、取胆技术的革新、养殖规模呈现集约化发展趋势。本文概述了中国野生黑熊分布和种群数量,为保护黑熊所采取的各种措施和成效,以及黑熊养殖业的历史和发展现状。介绍了国内与黑熊保护和驯养有关的法律和政策,在此基础上,详细分析了野生黑熊保护与黑熊养殖业的关系,揭示二者间即保护与可持续利用的内在关联,并对黑熊养殖业涉及的问题进行了解析。以化解黑熊保护与利用之间的矛盾,引导黑熊养殖业迈向健康发展之路。