Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

与Fe(III) 共存的Fe(II) 分光光度法测定

Fe(Ⅱ)的含量及变化与土壤和沉积物的氧化还原性质关系密切。当与Fe(Ⅲ)共存时,Fe(Ⅱ)的测定往往受到干扰。本文研究了常用显色剂2,2’-联吡啶和菲洛嗪(Ferrozine)测定土壤Fe(Ⅱ)时存在的问题及解决办法。结果表明,Fe(Ⅲ)可与显色剂作用形成络合物,该络合物对Fe(Ⅱ)测定所用波段的光线具有吸收作用,从而使Fe(Ⅱ)浓度被过高估计。Fe(Ⅲ)对Fe(Ⅱ)测定的干扰程度与其浓度及所选显色剂有关。当以2,2’-联吡啶为显色剂时,单位浓度Fe(Ⅲ)(1.0 mg/L)将导致Fe(II)的测定值比实际值高0.012 mg/L;而当菲洛嗪为显色剂时,单位浓度Fe(Ⅲ)引起的Fe(Ⅱ)高估值在0.010～0.032 mg/L之间。F-能够抑制Fe(Ⅲ)-显色剂络合物的形成。当F-的加入量超过Fe(Ⅲ)的4倍时,F-能有效地消除Fe(Ⅲ)的干扰。实际样品的测定结果表明,改进的Fe(Ⅱ)分光光度法能够满足土壤及沉积物中Fe(II)的准确测定。     

不同氮磷钾肥用量对五指毛桃叶绿素含量的影响

为探讨在"3414"肥料试验中叶绿素仪测定叶绿素的精确度,以及不同施肥处理对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量的影响,采用SPAD叶绿素仪和酒精-丙酮浸提法对五指毛桃不同叶片的SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量进行测定。结果表明,不同施肥处理对五指毛桃3片叶片的SPAD值,倒1叶的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,倒2叶的叶绿素a以及倒3叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量的影响不显著;对倒2叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量,倒3叶的叶绿素a影响显著。氮、磷、钾肥对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值和叶绿素含量效应依次为N肥P肥K肥。SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量从倒1叶至倒3叶呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但增加的幅度因施肥处理不同而不同。倒1叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量呈负相关;倒2叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈极显著正相关;倒3叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a呈负相关,而与叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈显著正相关,表明在"3414"肥料试验中倒2叶的SPAD值更能准确地预测其叶绿素的绝对含量。该研究为叶绿素仪在五指毛桃生理实验中正确应用提供了科学依据,也为五指毛桃在成龄胶园间作实践提供了理论指导。     

西安少陵塬黄土—古土壤序列S_3剖面元素迁移及古气候意义

以西安少陵塬S3古土壤剖面为研究对象,通过地球化学分析并结合野外剖面观察,探讨该剖面的元素迁移、化学风化特征及其所揭示的气候变化等问题。结果表明:(1)少陵塬剖面S3黏化层具有3层结构,根据铁质胶膜发育、Ca CO3迁移等可以将S3剖面构型划分为黏化层(Bts1-Bts2-Bts3)、风化淋滤黄土层(BC)和Ca CO3结核淀积层(Bck);(2)Bts层Ca O与Ca CO3迁移程度最大,淋失率分别达到了-99.3%、-83.1%,Sr、Na2O和Mg O也发生了显著迁移,而Fe2O3、Al2O3和Rb则在黏化层略有富集,尤其Fe2O3和Al2O3在Bts3层有明显富集;(3)少陵塬S3古土壤介于初等风化向中等强度风化的过渡阶段,风化作用由BC→Bts2→Bts1→Bts3逐渐增强,Bts3已基本完成初期脱Ca、Na风化过程;(4)依据Ca CO3与Fe2O3的迁移富集特点确定,少陵塬剖面S3古土壤Bts3发育时的土壤为弱碱性,而Bts1和Bts2为碱性;初步确定少陵塬S3为黄褐土,S3发育时期西安地区的年均降水量为800 mm左右。     

农户休耕意愿与不同模式的补偿标准——以太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区为例

农户是耕地利用主体,研究其视角下的休耕意愿和不同模式的受偿标准,对政策推行有实际意义。以太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区为例,调研走访农户分别得到81份和148份有效问卷,通过统计分析、机会成本法和受偿意愿法等,研究了农户休耕意愿和不同模式的补偿标准。结果表明:（1）超过50%受访农户休耕意愿依补偿而定,两区域调整种植结构模式的接受度均高于减少灌溉次数模式。考虑到粮食安全,黑龙港地区调整为种植春玉米,水资源补给性较好的太行山北麓平原实行减少灌溉次数方式;（2）不同模式下两区域农户受偿意愿值均高于机会成本值。建议种植春玉米时补偿标准为7 500元/hm²,减灌时太行山北麓平原、黑龙港地区补偿标准分别为灌溉1次下2 504.7元/hm²,2 126.4元/hm²,灌溉2次下1 252.35元/hm²,1 063.2元/hm²。本研究从农户视角对休耕政策进行了反馈,提出不同模式下的补偿标准,为休耕政策的具体制定和实施提供借鉴。     

秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、铅、镉活性的影响

秸秆还田是我国培肥地力和增加农田土壤碳固定的重要措施,但进入农田的秸秆存在着活化土壤重金属的风险。为了解不同来源的秸秆对污染水平不同农田土壤重金属活性的影响,采取相应措施防止因秸秆还田对农田土壤重金属的激活,开展了盆栽和田间小区试验研究秸秆还田配施石灰对水田土壤铜、锌、镉、铅活性的影响。盆栽和田间试验在轻度和重度污染2种土壤上同时进行。盆栽试验中施用秸秆包括重污染水稻秸秆、轻污染水稻秸秆和轻污染油菜秸秆3种,石灰用量设对照(0 kg·hm-2)和石灰处理(750 kg·hm-2)2个处理;田间小区试验设对照(不施秸秆和石灰)、秸秆还田及秸秆还田+石灰3个处理。动态观察了试验过程中土壤有效态重金属、重金属形态及水稻籽粒中重金属积累情况。结果表明,试验初期(前20 d)秸秆还田显著增加了水田土壤中水溶性有机碳与水溶性重金属的含量;与对照处理比较,水溶性重金属含量以重度污染土壤增幅较为明显。试验后期(60 d后)秸秆还田对土壤重金属的活性的影响逐渐变得不明显。油菜秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量低于水稻秸秆还田,重污染水稻秸秆还田土壤中水溶性重金属含量高于低污染水稻秸秆还田。盆栽试验和田间试验的结果都表明,重污染水稻秸秆还田可轻微增加水稻籽粒中镉的积累,但轻度污染水稻秸秆还田与油菜秸秆还田对水稻籽粒镉积累的影响较小;3种秸秆还田对水稻籽粒铅、铜、锌积累的影响不明显。配施石灰可显著降低土壤中水溶性重金属的含量,降低水稻籽粒中重金属的积累。研究认为,在污染农田管理上应控制重污染水稻秸秆还田,在秸秆还田的同时适量配施石灰。     

温室甲鱼养殖生石灰的合理使用

生石灰是水产养殖的一种常规药物,非常普遍的用在水质消毒,疾病防治中,许多水产养殖用户也把生石灰作为一种常用的水质改良剂,但在甲鱼的养殖中,要根据情况酌情使用,否则,会出现pH值过高从而导致有毒气体的产生,造成甲鱼中毒的病况。本文介绍了温室甲鱼养殖中生石灰使用不当引起的病况,并提出了相应解救措施。实验中采用了生石灰日常消毒常用的浓度和间隔日期,伴随着pH值与氨氮的浓度升高,甲鱼出现了死亡现象,在解除了生石灰的使用后,甲鱼停止了死亡现象。     

酿酒曲对柑橘梨汁复合酒发酵工艺的影响

通过添加不同含量的酿酒曲到柑橘梨汁复合液进行试验,结果表明：酿酒曲具有提高果汁出汁率,从而提高酒精度的作用;适当提高酿酒曲含量有利于果汁含糖量的快速降解,可获得较高浓度的酒精     

单季稻“甬优9号”病虫发生特点与防治技术研究

调查结果表明：与本地单季稻当家品种两优培九相比,甬优9号病虫发生有如下特点：①移栽期较迟避过了1代二化螟的为害,因此1代﹑2代螟虫为害较轻,但由于甬优9号生育期较长,穗期3代螟虫虫伤株为害相对较重。②稻纵卷叶螟发生前期四（2）代发生轻于两优培九,中期五（3）代发生重于籼型两优培九。③稻飞虱发生前中期四（2）﹑五（3）代白背飞虱和五（3）代褐稻虱发生较轻,同时茎秆粗壮,耐害性较好,后期六（4）代褐稻虱的发生重于两优培九,由于成熟期较迟还增加了10月份七（5）代的发生为害。④易感稻曲病。针对甬优9号病虫发生特点,在防治策略上调整如下：①放宽甬优9号营养生长阶段的防治指标,发挥甬优9号耐害性强的优点,减少病虫防治次数,保护和利用天敌的生态调控能力。②根据破口期天气情况,做好稻曲病等穗期病害的预防。③抓好穗期3代螟虫﹑褐稻虱的防治,确保丰收。     

冰温贮藏对山西不同产地玉露香梨挥发性有机物的影响

为了解冰温贮藏对不同产地玉露香梨挥发性有机物影响的差异性,采用气相离子迁移谱技术对山西省3个产地(隰县、原平、清徐)玉露香梨贮藏前后的挥发性有机物进行分析,以期为提升贮后果实风味品质提供数据参考。结果表明:通过气相离子迁移谱检测出玉露香梨采后主要挥发性有机物有酯类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、呋喃类及其他未定性物质;其中酯类、醛类物质的相对含量占比达38.31%~39.10%。3个产地玉露香梨采后特征风味物质分别为:隰县玉露香梨为丙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、(E)-2-己烯醛、2-甲基丙醛、壬醛等,原平玉露香梨为丙酸己酯、乙酸戊酯、丁酸己酯、己醛、3-戊酮、正己醇等,清徐玉露香梨为2-甲基丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、乙醇、3-戊酮和异丁酸等。冰温贮藏后,3个产区玉露香梨果实的酯类物质含量有不同程度下降,醛类、醇类和酮类物质含量增加。其中隰县玉露香梨醛类物质相对含量较高,清徐玉露香梨酮类物质相对含量较高。根据风味物质的主成分分析,可将贮藏前后及3个产地玉露香梨进行有效区分。