高压往复泵曲轴强度的有限元分析

为了提升高压往复泵的设计开发水平,以三缸单作用高压往复泵为研究对象,通过对各机构的运动分析和部件的受力计算,得到了曲轴的载荷变化规律。在Pro/E中建立了曲轴的三维实体模型,采用有限元方法对三种危险工况下的曲轴强度分别进行了应力分析,获得了最大主应力、最小主应力和Mises应力在曲轴上的分布规律,详细分析了各应力产生的原因及对曲轴强度的影响,有限元分析计算的结果为高压往复泵曲轴的设计研发提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

压片式微喷带单孔水量分布特性试验研究

试验研究了不同工作压力(0.1MPa和0.15 MPa)、不同喷射角度(43°、65°和79°)和不同喷孔直径(0.5、0.6和0.7mm)对压片式微喷带水量分布的影响。试验结果表明,干燥区宽度、湿润区长度和湿润区面积主要受喷射角度影响,均随喷射角度的增大而减小;湿润区宽度相对稳定,但在0.15MPa下,随着喷孔直径的增大有明显的增加趋势;平均灌水强度随着喷射角度、喷孔直径和工作压力的增大均有增加趋势,其中喷射角度影响最为明显。     

光纤发光诱虫灯对茶树害虫的诱捕效果研究

为了对茶树害虫进行科学的测报和诱捕,设计了一种光纤发光诱虫灯,开展了光纤发光诱虫灯在不同发光颜色、不同亮灭规律的情况下与频振式杀虫灯对茶树害虫的诱集对比试验。试验结果表明:光纤发光诱虫灯在亮2min-灭1min的亮灭规律下诱虫效果和能耗均好于频振式杀虫灯;在绿、黄、蓝、白4种发光颜色中,黄色光诱虫效果最好。同时,进一步证实了频振式杀虫灯具有更好的杀虫稳定性;但对茶树害虫天敌也有很强的杀伤力,应科学制定开灯方案。综合诱虫效果、能耗和使用寿命,光纤诱虫灯具有良好的应用前景。     

不同水分管理旱直播水稻生长生理与节水效应

为了探讨东北黑土区水稻高效节水种植模式,于2017年在黑龙江省庆安县采用测坑微区试验,研究了旱直播对水稻光合特性、各器官生物产量、干物质累积速率、根冠比、伤流强度、产量水分利用效率(WUEy)、叶片水分利用效率(WUEl)和产量因子等的影响。试验设置了3个处理:滴灌旱直播(DH)、漫灌旱直播(MH)和常规插秧淹灌(CK),并以CK处理作为对照。结果表明:DH与MH处理的净光合速率Pn(分蘖末期除外)、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、以及叶、鞘、茎、穗等冠部干物质累积量、冠部干物质累积速率(分蘖中期至末期除外)、冠部最大累积速率在整个生育期均低于CK,但WUEl、根部干物质累积量(分蘖前期和中期除外)、根部干物质累积速率、根系活力(分蘖中期与拔节孕穗期除外)均高于CK。3个处理的胞间CO2浓度Ci整个生育期波动幅度不大。根部和总干物质最大累积速率及各生育期根冠比以DH最大,CK最小。DH与MH处理的千粒质量和结实率较CK下降不显著(P0.05),穗长和穗粒数下降显著(P0.05),有效穗数上升显著(P0.05)。DH较CK、MH分别节省灌溉用水63.88%和39.52%,WUEy分别提高2.66倍和1.64倍。滴灌旱直播种植不仅大幅度减少了灌溉用水量,显著提高了水稻的WUEy,而且具有较为可观的经济效益和显著的社会效益。研究结果可为东北黑土区水稻种植模式的选取提供技术支撑,对保障黑土区农业水土资源可持续利用具有重要意义。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

黄土区草地坡面片流阻力系数试验研究

阻力系数是坡面流水动力学参数之一,是反映坡面流水力学特性的重要特征值。通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同雨强(0.7,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5mm/min)和坡度(7°,10°,15°,20°,25°)下,黄土区草地坡面片流阻力系数随雨强和坡度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同雨强和坡度下,草地坡面片流阻力系数随降雨历时的变化均呈先波动减小,后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,且变化过程均可用二次多项式进行描述,相关性显著,决定系数0.5以上。(2)草地坡面片流阻力系数随雨强的增加而逐渐增大,可用指数方程描述,决定系数0.8以上;而片流阻力系数随坡度的增加而减小,可用对数方程描述,决定系数0.6以上。(3)草地坡面次降雨平均片流阻力系数对雨强及坡度的综合响应关系可用二元指数函数描述,决定系数0.923,且雨强对草地坡面片流平均阻力系数的影响大于坡度对阻力系数的影响。研究结果为草地坡面水流动力学特性及草地植被的阻流机制提供参考和理论基础,对于深刻认识黄土区草地坡面侵蚀动力和生态建设具有重要意义。     

基于激光雷达的巡检机器人导航系统研究

智能巡检机器人能够高效、可靠地完成巡检任务,降低工作人员的劳动强度,准确、稳定的导航定位是巡检机器人执行巡检任务的基础。本文研究了基于激光雷达的巡检机器人导航系统,可实现机器人在室内外环境下的地图建立、路径规划和导航定位。导航系统由远程监控平台与巡检机器人组成,远程监控平台发布巡检任务、监控机器人状态、查询与存储检测数据,巡检机器人可实现自主导航定位、遍历检测点、执行数据采集等巡检任务,二者通过无线网络实现远程数据交互。融合激光雷达与编码器信息,使用高鲁棒性Gmapping算法建立二维环境地图。根据地图与检测点信息,采用分支界定算法搜索最优巡检路线,以减少巡检时间和能源消耗。使用自适应蒙特卡罗定位(AMCL)算法估计机器人位置和姿态,结合巡检路线,进行导航定位。根据横向偏差与航向偏差,通过经典的PID算法完成机器人驱动控制。机器人搭载可见光相机与红外相机,可对目标进行可见光通道与红外通道的融合图像检测。对巡检机器人进行了室内导航定位试验,试验结果表明,在1 m/s的速度下,位置与航向偏差的平均绝对误差(MAE)分别小于5 cm和1.1°,标准差(SD)分别小于5 cm和1.5°,能够满足巡检导航定位的要求。     

Management of Grazing Intensity in the Semi‐Arid Rangelands of Southern Australia: Effects on Soil and Biodiversity

Overgrazing contributes to rangeland degradation altering plant community composition, erosion and biodiversity. Little unanimity in the literature exists on the effects of livestock grazing on soil carbon and biodiversity, in part, due to uncontrolled grazing pressure from native and feral animals. Paired paddock contrasts at three, long‐term (>8 years) study locations in the southern Australian rangelands were used to examine the effects of managing grazing intensity through the use of exclusion fencing and rotational grazing on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nitrogen (TN), ground cover and biodiversity (flora and invertebrates). Grazing management had no effect on SOC or TN on grey soils (Vertisols), but for red soils (Lixisols), significantly higher levels of SOC were found for both the 0 to 5 and 5 to 10‐cm soil depths (0·3% and 0·27% respectively) and associated with increased TN. We found strong and consistent relationships among SOC and higher perennial (p < 0·001), higher litter (p < 0·05) cover and close proximity to trees (p < 0·05). Managing grazing intensity resulted in significantly higher perennial ground cover (p < 0·001) on Vertisols (8·9 to 11%) and Lixisols (12·5 to 15%) and higher plant diversity (both native and exotic) but negatively impacted invertebrate diversity, indicating trade‐offs between production and resources. We provide evidence that the effects of grazing management on SOC are mediated by ground cover and increased organic matter supply and/or reduced soil carbon redistribution (erosion), which indicates that the management of grazing intensity may provide a tool to avoid soil carbon loss in rangelands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀及其颗粒富集过程的影响

为研究雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀过程和泥沙颗粒分布规律的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以华北土石山区2种典型土壤为研究对象,在4种雨强(30,60,90,120mm/h)条件下,分析了径流的变化过程和侵蚀泥沙的颗粒组成及其颗粒富集率的变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土和石灰性褐土的产流时间均逐渐减小,分别缩短了79%和85%;(2)在60,90,120mm/h雨强条件下,黄土性褐土的径流强度和泥沙浓度均随降雨时间先减小后增大,而后趋于稳定状态,石灰性褐土仅在120mm/h雨强条件下出现相似规律;(3)当雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土泥沙流失朝粗颗粒化发展,侵蚀泥沙的砂粒和粗粉粒含量分别增加了86%和21%,而石灰性褐土的变化不明显;(4)在降雨初始阶段,粒径较小的黏粒和细粉粒明显富集,而粒径较大的粗粉粒和砂粒不易流失,但随着降雨历时的延长,不同粒径泥沙颗粒的富集率趋于1,这种现象在大雨强下表现得尤为明显。     

芦笋茎枯病病原菌及其生物学研究

芦笋茎枯病是一种分布广、为害重的毁灭性病害。研究证实,临沂市芦笋茎枯病病原为Phoma asparagi Sacc.。该菌分生孢子发芽和菌丝生长适温为23—26℃,致死温度分别为50℃10分钟和60℃10分钟,发芽和生长最适pH为7。分生孢子生长在分生孢子器内,单个分生孢子常温下可活10天,菌块内可活25天,孢子器内则长达240天。分生孢子在蒸馏水中不发芽,加糖液发芽率略有提高,在文竹和芦笋茎煮液中发芽率最高;条件适宜时2小时产生芽突,5小时发芽率达98.21%。