乔木种植位置对岸坡深层锚固作用的影响——以永定河泛区为例

以永定河泛区中天堂河下游段两岸作为研究区域,探究该区域不同类型乔木种植位置对岸坡整体锚固作用的影响,确定坡地区域与坡顶区域最佳的乔木种植方案,以解决洪泛区湿陷性粉质粘土岸坡坡脚处易失稳的安全隐患。采用拓扑根系描绘法、最大摩擦锚固力计算法、经验公式模型法以及ABAQUS有限元模拟法,分别对根系的形态、根系的固土性能、根系力学特性以及锚固岸坡整体稳定性进行分析。研究结果表明（：1）由于紫荆根系具有较为发达的须根,因而具有较强的锚固性能,相较于紫荆,榆叶梅锚固性能相对较差,在同一深度的埋置条件下,二者的锚固性能相差幅度为5%～25%(;2)当坡地区域的紫荆位于坡脚处,且坡顶区域的榆叶梅位于距离坡肩1.8 m处的种植位置时,岸坡的安全系数达到2.153,岸坡的抗滑锚固效果可达到最佳。坡顶区域与坡地区域的乔木种植位置可对粉质粘土坡体稳定产生双重耦合的影响,当坡地区域植株的种植位置处于坡脚处时,坡顶处任何区域的乔木根际土体均可与之形成有效的土拱效应,以遏制岸坡失稳。     

Rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence: seed source and spatial pattern

A programme of field trials for the study of the winter barley–Rhynchosporium commune pathosystem is reported. The associated seedborne disease rhynchosporium leaf scald is regarded as having an important impact on barley yields. The analysis in this study relates to the impact of the seed source (commercial or farm-saved seed) on disease incidence and to the spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence. Disease incidence data were calculated from field data recorded as disease severity. Mean disease incidence was higher in the crops grown from farm-saved seed than in those grown from commercial seed, although great agronomic significance cannot be attached to this result. The spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence was characterized in terms of the binary power law (BPL) and was indicative of an aggregated pattern. Programme-wide BPL results were described using a novel phytopathological application of a random coefficients model. These results have application in field sampling for rhynchosporium leaf scald disease.     

春玉米叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分的阈值响应及其生产力分级

试验设正常灌水处理和干旱胁迫处理,讨论春玉米叶片的光合生理参数对土壤水分的阈值响应并进行生产力分级。结果表明:正常灌水处理的叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈单峰曲线变化,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)对水分变化具有相反的响应变化。干旱胁迫处理下叶片的Pn、Tr在进行控水后明显下降,灌浆以前Pn下降主要是由气孔限制引起的。随着水分胁迫的加剧,光合结构受损,Pn下降,主要受非气孔因素限制。短期干旱胁迫会适当降低玉米的水分利用效率(WUE),但是下降程度不显著,WUE能达到中等水平。长期严重的水分胁迫后,WUE下降明显,与正常灌水处理相比差异极显著。以光合生理参数为指标对玉米土壤水分有效性及生产力进行分级与评价,确定当36.8%<土壤相对湿度(RWC)<42.7%时为低产低效水;42.7%相似文献   

基于SD-SVD-Burg的玉米叶片铜铅污染甄别与程度诊断

为研究一种快速甄别作物受重金属污染的元素类别和所受污染程度的方法,于2017年设置不同梯度铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)胁迫下的玉米盆栽实验,对玉米的紫谷、绿峰和红边3个光谱特征区间的高光谱数据进行光谱一阶微分和奇异值分解处理,并结合Burg算法绘制功率谱密度曲线,同时利用2014年采集的光谱数据作为验证组检验该模型的稳定性。结果表明:健康玉米叶片与不同浓度Cu、Pb胁迫下玉米叶片光谱信号的功率谱密度曲线的波峰数及波峰坡度均不相同。功率谱曲线平均功率和玉米叶片中Cu、Pb含量的相关系数最高可达0.9958,证明该方法在对玉米进行污染元素种类辨别和污染程度诊断方面具有可行性,不同年份Cu与Pb胁迫下绿峰功率谱曲线平均功率与玉米叶片中Cu、Pb含量的相关系数分别为0.9213和0.9915,进一步验证该算法在玉米Cu、Pb污染诊断方面具有稳定性与普适性。     

施氮对苜蓿初花期光合日变化、叶片形态及干物质产量的影响

通过研究不同氮素水平下滴灌苜蓿叶片形态特征、光合日变化规律,分析不同施氮水平下滴灌苜蓿光合日变化、叶片形态与干物质产量的关系,以期进一步揭示施氮对紫花苜蓿干物质及产量形成的影响机制,进而为优化实际生产中紫花苜蓿的氮管理策略提供理论依据。采用单因素随机区组设计,设置0(CK)、60(N₁)、120(N₂)和180kg·hm^-2(N₃)共4个施氮水平,在紫花苜蓿初花期对光合日变化、叶片形态、叶片氮含量和苜蓿产量构成进行测定。结果表明,施氮处理下苜蓿的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均高于不施氮处理,施氮处理的苜蓿叶片胞间CO₂浓度低于不施氮处理。对净光合速率和蒸腾速率综合影响最大的环境因子是光合有效辐射。随着施氮量的增加,紫花苜蓿的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶重,以及叶片干重、茎秆干重、干物质产量、叶片氮含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。不同施氮水平下,对叶片形态结构影响最大的为叶面积,其次分别为比叶重、叶长和叶宽,对苜蓿干物质产量影响从大到小依次为叶片氮含量>...     

Improved micropropagation protocol and enhancement in biomass and chlorophyll content in Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni by using high copper levels in the culture medium

Incorporation of a range of higher concentrations of CuSO₄·5H₂O in MS medium [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with 240 tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant 15, 473–497] significantly enhanced direct shoot bud induction and proliferation from cultured leaf and nodal explants taken from mature plants of Stevia rebaudiana. Shoot bud induction medium was supplemented with BAP (2.2 μM) and IAA (2.8 μM). When the concentration of CuSO₄·5H₂O in the induction medium was raised to 0.5 μM (five times the MS level, i.e. 0.1 μM) there was significant increase in percentage response along with increase in shoot bud number per explant. The shoots were healthy, well developed with dark green broader leaves. There was remarkable increase in total biomass and chlorophyll content at increased (0.5 μM) copper level in the medium. During proliferation stage also presence of high copper levels in the medium favoured increase in shoot bud number per explant.     

Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

The Andean seed crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is traditionally grown under drought and other adverse conditions that constrain crop production in the Andes, and it is regarded as having considerable tolerance to soil drying. The objective of this research was to study how chemical and hydraulic signalling from the root system controlled gas exchange in a drying soil in quinoa. It was observed that during soil drying, relative g_s and photosynthesis A_max (drought stressed/fully watered plants) equalled 1, until the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) decreased to 0.82 ± 0.152 and 0.33 ± 0.061, respectively, at bud formation, indicating that photosynthesis was maintained after stomata closure. The relationship between relative g_s and relative A_max at bud formation was represented by a logarithmic function (r² = 0.79), which resulted in a photosynthetic water use efficiency WUE_Amax_/gs$\text{WU}{\text{E}}_{A_{\text{max}}/g_{\text{s}}}$ of 1 when FTSW > 0.8, and increased by 50% with soil drying to FTSW 0.7–0.4. Mild soil drying slightly increased ABA in the xylem. It is concluded that during soil drying, quinoa plants have a sensitive stomatal closure, by which the plants are able to maintain leaf water potential (ψ_l) and A_max, resulting in an increase of WUE. Root originated ABA plays a role in stomata performance during soil drying. ABA regulation seems to be one of the mechanisms utilised by quinoa when facing drought inducing decrease of turgor of stomata guard cells.     

Mineral content of three olive cultivars irrigated with treated industrial wastewater

The reuse of saline treated industrial wastewater generated by textile firms mixed with municipal domestic effluent for irrigation was used to asses its effect on the mineral content of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under greenhouse and field conditions during two complete vegetative cycles. Chemical analysis of the treated wastewater indicated that the element concentrations fall within the permissible range of irrigation water used for plants. However, little impermissible accumulation of Na and Mg higher than the recommended maximum concentration was observed. Irrigation water with six electrical conductivities (EC = 0.78, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 dS m⁻¹ in treatments T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, T₅, respectively) were compared in the greenhouse experiment. The olive trees in the field experiment were trickle irrigated with potable water and treated wastewater (average EC = 4.2 dS m⁻¹). The results of the greenhouse experiment showed that leaf N, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Na contents increased with increasing salinity of the treated wastewater. This increase was accompanied with a decrease in K and Mg contents. Leaf Ca and Cl concentrations were not considerably affected. Ion analysis in roots indicated that the contents of P, Na, Cl, Mn, and Pb increased while K decreased as treated wastewater salinity increased. Consequently, in most cases T₄ and T₅ gave a highly significant increase or decrease in accumulation of the previously mentioned minerals. A considerable variation in the studied cultivars was noticed. ‘Nabali’ was considered the most tolerant cultivar for the high salinity levels of the treated wastewater; its transporting selectivity of Na from root to leaf was higher and more Na was retained in the roots. Tissue analysis of leaves indicated that the element concentrations were within the adequate levels except those of Fe in ‘Nabali’ and ‘Manzanillo’, Na in ‘Improved Nabali’ and Cu in ‘Nabali’ and ‘Manzanillo’. In view of these findings, the negligible accumulation of minerals in leaves and roots indicated that this kind of textile effluent can be used as a valid alternative for irrigation of olive orchards with continuous monitoring of mineral levels.     

烟叶编持机的设计与开发

为了解决人工编烟费时、费力,效率低下的问题,设计开发了摆动钩针式烟叶编持机,设计编烟速度为12～20s/m可调,铺叶厚度和编叶数量可自动调整,综合辅助用工实际应用效率达手工编烟的5倍以上.编烟测试表明,该型编烟机编制均匀牢固,线迹美观,明显减少了编烟用工,具有较好的应用前景.     

不同水肥模式的水稻叶面积修正系数试验研究

叶面积修正系数直接决定着长宽修正系数法测量叶面积的精确程度.为探讨水肥模式对水稻叶面积修正系数的影响,基于水稻实测叶面积及叶片长、宽数据计算叶面积修正系数,并分析其变化规律.结果表明,各处理生育前期水稻叶面积修正系数接近或超过经验值0.75,中期较小,抽穗开花期略有上升并稳定至0.7左右.常规灌溉处理上层叶片叶面积修正系数较控制灌溉大,叶片更加细长.不同肥料处理中,控释肥处理叶面积修正系数普遍偏低;常规肥及实地肥处理在生育前期可以采用经验值进行叶面积计算;抽穗开花及以后各生育期,各处理均可采用相同的叶面积修正系数;生育中期各处理叶面积修正系数较低.