First results on synchrony between seasonal pattern of pheromone trap captures of cotton bollworm, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> and appearance of freshly emerged larvae on developing cobs of corn hybrids

Synchrony between development of five corn hybrid varieties of various seasonal growing rates (FAO numbers), seasonal flight pattern of male cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hb. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as monitored by pheromone traps, and the subsequent appearance of newly hatched larvae on developing cobs were studied at Mezőhegyes, South-Hungary, in 2003 and 2004. The phenological stages of corn hybrids were evaluated using the Iowa State University Scale (R₁–R₅), the flight of male moths was monitored by large capacity, funnel type of pheromone traps and the appearance of freshly hatched larvae on developing cobs were counted by visual inspection. The synchrony between the flight peak of male moths and the peak apperance of L₁ larvae on cobs was investigated by cross-correlation. In 2003 (average daily temperatures 20.7°C, average daily relative humidity 59.9% for the period of 4–18 July) “DK 391”, “DK 443” and “Maraton” hybrid varieties already reached silking stage (R₁) by the time when pheromone traps indicated a peak, at 7 July (peak capture at 3-day intervals 755.5 males/traps). The number of L₁ larvae peaked on developing cobs of these varieties also at 7 July (7.0, 4.0 and 3.8 larvae/50 cobs, respectively). The synchrony between the flight peak of male moths and the peak appearance of L₁ larvae on cobs was proven (LAG = 0). A rather similar trend was observed in “Vilma” hybrid variety: it reached R₁ stage at 7 July, and L₁ larvae appeared only a few days later (11 July, 3.8 larvae/50 cobs) (LAG = −1). However, “Maxima” hybrid variety reached R₁ stage 1 week later (14 July) than the time of peak captures. Here L₁ larvae peaked as late as at 18 July (0.8 larvae/50 cobs), i.e., only after the cob had reached R₁ stage (LAG = −3). A reverse order of dates of R₁ stage and peak capture was observed in “Maxima” in 2004 (average daily temperatures; 22.5°C, average daily relative humidities 72.6% for the period of 15 July–6 August): it reached R₁ stage at 19 July, while peak trap captures were recorded at 6 August (peak capture at 3-day intervals 20.5 males/traps). L₁ larvae were found in the highest numbers on 2 August (1.5 larvae/50 cobs), practically in synchrony with peak caputres (LAG = 0). “Káma” reached R₁ stage in 16 July, and L₁ larvae peaked at 2 August (1.3 larvae/50 cobs) (LAG = 0). On the rest of the corn varieties larvae were found only in too numbers for performing statistical analysis. We conclude that in order to predict the appearance of L₁ larvae, the phenological stage of the corn variety and the seasonal flight pattern of moths, as measured by large capacity pheromone traps, should be considered in combination. If the corn variety already reached R₁ stage, L₁ larvae appear on cobs as early as the time of peak flight of moths. However, no young larvae appear on cobs despite of high trap captures, until the corn reaches the R₁ stage. These findings are discussed in the view of specifying optimal timing of a pesticide application.     

一种桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的配制

以豆渣、麦胚、酵母粉、蔗糖为主要原料,配制成桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料,与天然饲料(水果)和现常用的人工配方饲料进行饲养试验,测定采用3种饲料饲养的桔小实蝇的卵孵化率、化蛹率及羽化率。结果表明,以豆渣为主要原料的人工饲料配制成本低廉,饲养效果接近天然饲料。     

应用长效微胶囊药剂地面封闭法防控黄脊竹蝗研究

通过应用3%高效氯氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂30倍、40倍、50倍稀释液,用背负式机动喷雾机针对1.5m以下竹干和地面进行低容量喷雾,来对黄脊竹蝗进行防治试验,结果表明:低容量喷雾后,形成从竹干到地面的药剂封闭层,杀灭初孵跳蝻,药后30d对黄脊竹蝗防效分别为97.3%、92.6%、81.1%,表现出良好的持效性和防治效果。     

Lepidoptera larvae as food for capercaillie chick (tetrao urogallus): A field experiment

Lepidoptera larvae are important prey for capercaillie chicks {Tetrao urogallus), but utilization varies among habitats. This field experiment investigates the effects of larval feeding behaviour, abundance and the density of bilberry (Vacciniwn myrtillus) on utilization of larvae by a group of four capercaille chicks and also tests whether chick utilization differs between wet and dry coniferous forest. In fenced plots, four hand‐raised chicks were released for a 15 min feeding period. Reduction of geometrid larvae was correlated positively with their abundance but correlated negatively with bilberry density. Geometrids had a much higher predation risk than pyralids and tortricids, probably because they are exposed while feeding, in contrast to pyralids and tortricids. Total reduction of lepidoptera was higher in wet than dry forest, probably due to a higher proportion of geometrid larvae, and lower density of bilberry in the wet forest. The manner of insect feeding and habitat type (e.g. wet and dry forest), which influence bilberry density, therefore may be important factors to consider when assessing or managing habitat quality for capercaillie chicks.     

白音阿扁叶蜂老龄幼虫化学防治试验

对白音阿扁叶蜂防治试验,表明采用2.5%的功夫乳油5000倍液、4.5%的高效氯氰聚酯乳油5000倍液、50%的辛硫磷乳油2000倍液、80%的敌敌畏乳油2000倍液,都能达到理想的防治效果.两种菊酯类药剂成本相对较低,对环境污染也相对较小,在防治中可以推广应用.     

马尾松毛虫越冬幼虫简易序贯抽样模型研究

采用指数曲线拟合方法，研究了马尾松毛虫越冬3－4龄幼虫的p-m关系，得其关系方程为m=0.0431e^6.5703p，制作了p-m简易估计相关数表，以此基础上，采用马占山（1988）的简易序贯抽亲决策模型进行了简易序贯抽样分析，制作了简易序贯抽样分析图、表。另外，本文还提出了“基本抽样数”的概念及其计算公式：qmin=tα^2Pt/(1-Pt）。     

快速检疫中培养松材线虫的冷藏真菌菌种筛选

松材线虫病是一种通过媒介昆虫携带松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)侵染松树而导致松树迅速死亡的一种毁灭性传染病害。人为调运未经处理或处理不彻底的感病原木、木材、薪材及包装箱等制品是病害扩散的主要原因。随着国际贸易往来和国内各地之间各种形式的交流日益频繁,     

不同因素对乳突类圆线虫离体培养的影响

采用生物统计的正交试验设计方法，研究了Ｍ１９９、犊血清（ＣＢＳ）、鸡胚提取物（ＣＥＥ５０）、兔肝提取物（ＲＬＥ５０）、丙酮酸钠（ＳＰ）、水解酪蛋白（ＣＨ）和酵母提取物（ＹＥ）在离体培养中对乳突类圆线虫第三期幼虫存活和生长发育的影响。结果表明，只有ＣＢＳ和ＲＬＥ５０。对第三期幼虫的存活和生长发育起着显著的促进作用、在试验得出的最适含量组合的培养基内，幼虫生长发育最好，存活时间最长为３７ｄ。对Ｍ１９９、ＥＭＥＭ、Ｆ１２和ＲＰＭＩ１６４０这４种商品组织培养基进行了筛选试验；结果显示Ｍ１９９最佳，表明脂溶性维生素可能是乳突类圆线虫的离体培养所需营养之一。     

南美斑潜蝇幼虫空间分布与抽样技术研究

通过田间调查和计算 ,明确了南美斑潜蝇幼虫呈聚集分布 ,且以负二项分布为主 ,主要分布在植株的中下部。如果防治指标定为每百叶有虫 3 7头 ,则序贯抽样的累积幼虫数量界限 :T0 (N) =0 .3 7N± 0 .83 68N。田间随机取样以平行线和Z字形为好。     

基于DNA条形码技术的泰国番石榴中实蝇幼虫分子鉴定研究

实蝇是世界重要的检疫性害虫之一,对果蔬生产及其国际贸易具有很大的影响。而以线粒体DNA细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位I(mtDNACOI)基因的部分序列作为实蝇的DNA条形码能减少对实蝇成虫形态特征的依赖,可检测其任何虫态的样品,有助于实蝇样品的快速鉴定。本研究采用DNA条形码技术,针对采自泰国四色菊市番石榴烂果中的5头实蝇幼虫进行COI扩增测序,与生命条形码数据库(BOLD)中的序列进行比对并利用PAUP4.0软件构建了其系统进化树。根据序列分析和系统进化关系分析的结果,将5头实蝇幼虫样品鉴定为番石榴实蝇(Bactrocera correctaBezzi),并将本研究获得的2条COI序列在GenBank中注册,GenBank的登录号为HM590450和HM590451。