氮肥和栽插密度对杂交稻"两优培九"产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

以两系杂交稻两优培九为试材,研究不同N肥用量(纯N 0、112.5、225.0、337.5 kg/hm2)和栽插密度(22.5×104、27.0×104、31.5×104穴/hm2)对产量形成及N素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:(1)栽插密度对结实率和千粒重影响较小,对单位面积穗数和每穗粒数影响较大,在22.5×104~31.5×104穴/hm2的密度范围内,穗数与每穗粒数之间具有良好的互补性,因而产量差异未达显著水平。(2)N肥用量对每穗粒数影响较小,对穗数、结实率和千粒重影响较大,纯N用量为337.5 kg/hm2时,增穗作用不显著,反而极显著降低结实率和千粒重,导致减产。(3)稻株吸N量随供N水平的提高而增加,但植株含N率和N素累积量过高不利于叶鞘茎中的N素向穗部运转,降低籽粒N素积累量,导致结实率和千粒重显著下降而减产。(4)在中等肥力土壤上,施纯N 225.0 kg/hm2,栽插密度22.5×104穴/hm2,高峰苗控制在500.0万/hm2左右,有利于两优培九抽穗前茎鞘叶N素积累和抽穗后向穗部运转,能较好地协调穗数、结实率和千粒重的关系而获得高产。     

Effect of varied N rates and N timings on yield, N uptake and fertilizer N use efficiency of a six-row and a two-row winter barley

The effects of N rates and N timings on yield formation, N uptake at five growth stages and fertilizer N use efficiency of six-row and two-row winter barley were evaluated in field trials conducted from 1990/91 to 1992/93 at the TU Munich's research station Roggenstein.

On average over 3 years the six-row cultivar yielded most at a total rate of 110 kg ha⁻¹ N including an early application of 40 kg ha⁻¹ N up to EC 30 (Zadoks scale). The two-row cultivar achieved maximum yield at a total rate of 140 kg ha⁻¹ N including early applications of 70 kg ha⁻¹ N up to EC 30. The highest yielding N-treatments of six-row barley regularly took up less nitrogen at EC 32 (95 kg ha⁻¹ N on average) than the non-optimally fertilized treatments, whereas full exploitation of the yield potential of two-row barley was associated with higher rates of N-uptake at EC 32 (113 kg ha⁻¹ N on average).

Lodging did not occur in the trials conducted in 1991 and 1992 and no difference was detected between the two cultivars in fertilizer N use efficiency. With six-row barley the N treatment giving maximum yield also led to an optimum fertilizer N use efficiency. Full exploitation of the two-row barley yield potential was associated with suboptimal fertilizer N use efficiencies.     

关于上一轮县级土地利用总体规划中土地利用变化及生态环境效应的思考 ——以重庆市丰都县为例

基于重庆市丰都县1996年、2004年土地利用现状与2010年土地利用总体规划数据，运用特尔斐法、层次分析法、定量分析法，对丰都县1996—2004和1996—2010土地利用变化及生态环境效应进行对比定量分析研究。结果表明：（1）土地利用格局均发生了明显变化，耕地、未利用土地减少，园地、林地、水域、交通用地增加；（2）土地利用变化引起的生态环境质量变化均呈改善趋势，其主要原因是退耕还园、还林，以及未利用土地的开发利用；（3）规划与实施土地利用变化及生态环境效应差异太大；（4）土地利用总体规划与实际土地利用变化一致性很差，缺乏科学性和严肃性；（5）对规划土地利用变化引起的生态环境改善重视不够。最后提出新一轮土地利用总体规划修编的建议。     

抚仙湖北部农田区不同施肥对水稻产量、氮素吸收及利用率的影响

针对抚仙湖北部农田区的蔬菜施肥过量导致土壤养分残余量大,会对后作水稻施肥造成影响的问题,采用田间小区开展不同施肥试验研究。结果表明,砂壤土和粘壤土在施氮量为150~360 kg/hm²范围内,水稻植株氮素积累量随着施氮量的增加而提高,而增加的氮素积累量主要表现在茎叶部位;穗肥施用氮肥可提高籽粒氮素积累量。水稻氮肥吸收利用率和产量,砂壤土以施氮255 kg/hm2时最高,分别为45.1%和10594 kg/hm²;而粘壤土施氮150~360 kg/hm²之间,氮肥吸收利用率为20.9%~22.4%之间,产量为10486~10596 kg/hm2之间;当对砂壤土和粘壤土的水稻穗肥施用氮肥时,水稻氮肥吸收利用率（分别为42.8%、23.5%）和产量（分别为10445 kg/hm²、10564 kg/hm²）最高。水稻的氮素收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率及氮肥偏生产力,均以砂壤土明显高于粘壤土,且随着施氮量的增加而显著下降。蔬菜后作水稻施氮量以150~255 kg/hm²范围为宜,氮肥分基肥50%+分蘖肥30%+穗肥20%施用     

中等时间尺度县级耕地景观格局变化研究——以福建省龙海市(县)为例

耕地是土地的精华,是维护国家粮食安全的保障。笔者以景观生态理论为基础,选取分形维数、空间结构稳定性指数、蔓延度指数、香农多样性指数以及香农均匀度指数,对龙海市1998、2007、2013年耕地景观利用现状进行分析。研究结果表明人类社会活动对研究区的耕地景观影响效应既有正向的,也有负向的。研究区耕地景观斑块的规整度提高,耕地景观抗干扰能力增强,耕地的稳定性提升,耕地斑块类型趋于均匀化,但优势斑块的连续性降低和耕地景观的破碎程度增加。在对正向效应土地整理和农业结构调整进行肯定的同时,改善和避免县级土地开发这一负向作用的人类活动。     

Water Relation, Photosynthetic Ability and Growth of Thai Jasmine Rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. KDML 105) to Salt Stress by Application of Exogenous Glycinebetaine and Choline

Rice reportedly possesses a very low capacity to accumulate glycinebetaine (Glybet), but may be accumulated by the exogenous application of Glybet or Choline (Cho) as an alternative way to improve its salt‐tolerant ability. The aim of this research was to determine whether Glybet accumulation could be induced in Thai jasmine rice by the exogenous application of Glybet and Cho, and to determine the effects of Glybet and Cho treatment on various growth parameters of seedlings cultured under salt‐stress conditions. Thai jasmine rice seeds were aseptically germinated in vitro on solidified Murashige–Skoog media, supplied with either Glybet or Cho in the culture media for 12 days and then treated with 342 mm NaCl (salt stress) for 4 days. GlyBet content, water relation, photosynthetic capabilities and growth characteristics of salt‐stressed seedlings were measured. The addition of Glybet or Cho to plant culture media containing 342 mm NaCl resulted in increased accumulation of Glybet in rice seedlings. Increased Glybet accumulation was strongly associated with a high efficiency of water usage (r = 0.96), which in turn correlated with increased maximum quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) (r = 0.86). Moreover, the pigment concentrations of seedlings cultured under salt stress were maintained by a function of Glybet, led to high efficiency of photochemical and non‐photochemical quenching of PSII as well as to exhibit on net photosynthetic rate. Thus, our results suggest that the addition of either Glybet or Cho to the plant growth media can improve growth performance under salt stress conditions by increasing the salt tolerance of Thai jasmine rice. The exogenous application of Glybet and/or Cho to culture media may be an effective method of improving resistance to salt stress via the promotion of Glybet accumulation with in rice seedlings.     

Modelling Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Quantitative information regarding biomass accumulation and partitioning in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is limited or inconclusive. The objective of this study was to obtain baseline values for extinction coefficient (K_S), radiation use efficiency (RUE, g MJ^?1) and biomass partitioning coefficients of chickpea crops grown under well‐watered conditions. The stability of these parameters during the crop life cycle and under different environmental and growth conditions, caused by season and sowing date and density, were also evaluated. Two field experiments, each with three sowing dates and four plant densities, were conducted during 2002–2004. Crop leaf area index, light interception and crop biomass were measured between emergence and maturity. A K_S value of 0.5 was obtained. An average RUE of 1 g MJ^?1 was obtained. Plant density had no effect on RUE, but some effects of temperature were detected. There was no effect of solar radiation or vapour pressure deficit on RUE when RUE values were corrected for the effect of temperature. RUE was constant during the whole crop cycle. A biphasic pattern was found for biomass partitioning between leaves and stems before first‐seed stage. At lower levels of total dry matter, 54 % of biomass produced was allocated to leaves, but at higher levels of total dry matter, i.e. under favourable and prolonged conditions for vegetative growth, this portion decreased to 28 %. During the period from first‐pod to first‐seed, 60 % of biomass produced went to stems, 27 % to pods and 13 % to leaves. During the period from first‐seed to maturity, 83 % of biomass was partitioned to pods. It was concluded that using fixed partitioning coefficients after first‐seed are not as effective as they are before this stage. Environmental conditions (temperature and solar radiation) and plant density did not affect partitioning of biomass.     

缓释肥施用量对超高产夏玉米氮素积累分配的影响

明确缓释肥施用量对超高产夏玉米氮素积累和分配的影响及其对产量形成的作用。以‘苏玉29’‘、苏玉30’为材料,采用裂区设计,设置7个缓释肥水平（N0、270、315、360、405、450、495kg/hm²）,研究夏玉米氮素积累和分配在不同处理下的变化趋势。结果表明：随着缓释肥施用量增加,两品种（‘苏玉29’、‘苏玉30’）氮素积累量与氮素利用效率均呈单峰变化趋势,在N405kg/hm²水平下达最大值,且‘苏玉29’氮素利用率显著高于‘苏玉30’。百千克籽粒需氮量随缓释肥施用量增加先升后降,在N405kg/hm²水平下达最大值,而每千克氮生产籽粒量的变化规律相反。随着施氮水平提升,玉米偏生产力降低。最高产处理下,茎、叶、鞘氮素转移率和对籽粒产量的贡献率显著高于其他处理。回归分析表明,成熟期叶片中氮素分配比例较高有利于‘苏玉29’高产,苞叶和穗轴中氮素分配比例较高有利于‘苏玉30’高产。在本实验条件下,两品种在N405kg/hm²时产量最高,氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和百千克籽粒需氮量最高,茎、叶、鞘的氮素转移率及其对产量的贡献率较高。     

冬小麦–夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究

探明周年产量20,000kghm–2以上冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征,并建立资源优化配置定量指标,为进一步提升黄淮海该模式周年产量潜力和气候资源利用效率提供理论依据,具有重要意义。本研究利用2006—2010年黄淮海区9个高产点共45个田间试验的数据,定量分析了冬小麦–夏玉米模式高产形成与季节间光温水资源分配的关系。结果表明,三省9个试验点冬小麦–夏玉米均实现了周年20,000kghm–2以上高产,但区域间差异较大,河南和山东小麦产量最高,山东夏玉米产量最高,河南和山东周年产量分别高于河北16.9%和21.5%。产量的变化主要由光温水分配差异造成,河南和山东小麦季积温量在1924.2～2608.0°C和降雨量小于201.1mm范围时产量均高于河北,山东玉米季辐射量在2168.5～2953.8 MJ m–2、积温量小于2990.7°C和降水量小于591.3 mm范围时产量均高于河南和河北。然而省份间冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间热量资源分配率和分配比值相对固定,即小麦季和玉米季积温分配率分别为43%和57%,两季间积温比值为0.7,这是该区当前生产和生态条件下冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间资源合理配置的定量标准。在不增加任何投入的前提下依据该定量指标来指导黄淮海不同生态区冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式的资源优化配置,对促进黄淮海该种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。     

稳定性长效氮肥对春玉米产量与效益的影响

为探索氯化铵与稳定性长效氯化铵在延长肥效、提高作物产量和较少或免去追肥等方面的作用,以稳定性长效氯化铵为材料,对其在山西榆次春玉米的产量与效益进行了研究。试验结果表明：在施入农民习惯施肥量时,与普通氯化铵相比,长效氯化铵通过改善产量构成因素显著增加玉米产量1132 kg/hm2,增加经济效益2804元/hm2,总吸氮量、氮肥利用率和氮肥农学效率分别提高了80.44 kg/hm2、33.52%和4.72 kg/kg;施氮量减少10%的长效氯化铵处理仍可与普通氯化铵常规施肥处理的玉米产量相当,并可增加经济效益308元/hm2,且总吸氮量、氮肥利用率和氮肥农学效率均有所提高;施氮量减少15%的长效氯化铵会使产量显著降低。综合经济效益和生态效益,可将稳定性长效氮肥减施10%作为当地推荐的施肥量。