Probability Maps for Risk Asessment in a Patchy Weed Control

Weeds were monitored during April 1996 along a 36 m×36 m grid within a 21 ha winter wheat field to detected whether black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus L.), cleavers (Galium aparine L.), which are important weeds in cereals, and total weed densities reached economical thresholds for control. The geostatistical method of block kriging with indicator values (1 if below the threshold and 0 otherwise) was applied to estimate probabilities that weed intensity in 324 m² areas was below the threshold. The probabilities could be used to assess the risk that would occur if those areas were not sprayed with herbicides. Because indicator variograms showed a autocorrelation structure of the data the influence of a reduction of sampling points on the reestimation of the probabilities was tested. The coincidence of the probabilities obtained by the reduced data with those estimated with the complete data set was evaluated by correlation (r) and mean relative error (MRE). The loss of information due to the reduction of sampling points to one half was not substantial. Correlations coefficients were high (black bindweed, 0.78; cleavers, 0.82; total weeds, 0.77) with low MRE's. A satisfactory reestimation with one-fourth of the sample points was not possible.     

基于多目标鱼种资源量指数估计的不同采样设计比较

经济高效的渔业资源调查采样有利于保证调查数据的质量,提高调查效率,从而为渔业科学研究提供可靠数据.根据2016-2017年山东近海渔业资源底拖网季度调查数据,以小黄鱼、矛尾虾虎鱼、方氏云鳚和星康吉鳗作为目标鱼种,使用Kriging插值法模拟了目标鱼种在4个季节的相对资源量分布,设置简单随机抽样(SRS)、常规系统抽样(...     

巢湖流域土壤全磷含量的空间变异特征和影响因素

采用GIS和地统计学方法分析了巢湖流域土壤全磷含量的空间变异特征,揭示了土壤全磷空间变异的主要影响因素。结果表明,研究区土壤全磷的半方差拟合模型为指数模型,全磷分布显示为中等的空间自相关性。NE60°方向上全磷各向异性结构明显,长轴变程为37.9km,短轴变程23.8km;主要受成土母质的控制,土壤全磷在NE-SW方向整体上呈带状分布,空间结构性较好。受地形影响,在海拔较高的丘陵区和主要河流两侧土壤全磷含量相对较高;在城市周边地区,由于肥料投入较高,也往往形成局部的全磷高含量区。土壤全磷含量的分布格局及其主导影响因素随着研究尺度的不同而存在差异,受当前采样尺度的限制,具体在哪些区域受到哪些因素的影响为主还需要进一步在较小的尺度下开展研究。     

压砂地土壤导水特性空间格局及影响因子

采用10 m×10 m网格布点的方式对宁夏压砂田0~10 cm和10~20 cm深度下土壤饱和导水率(Ks)及其相关因素的空间变异规律进行研究。经典统计结果表明:2个采样深度下土壤容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度表现为弱变异,饱和含水量和土壤有机质含量表现为中等变异;0~10 cm深度下K_s表现为中等变异,10~20 cm深度下K_s表现为强变异;10~20 cm深度下土壤各种性质的平均值均大于0~10 cm深度。Pearson相关性分析可知,影响K_s的主要因素是毛管孔隙度,其次为容重、总孔隙度、饱和含水量和有机质含量。地统计结果表明,0~10 cm深度下K_s表现为纯块金效应,主要受随机性因素的影响,10~20 cm深度下K_s主要受结构性因素的影响;在2个采样深度下容重主要受随机因素的影响。从空间分布图可以看出,2个采样深度下K_s和容重存在高度的负相关关系,与饱和含水量、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度存在高度的正相关关系。     

Incorporation of spectral data into multivariate geostatistical models to map soil phosphorus variability in a Florida wetland

Hybrid geostatistical prediction methods incorporate (i) spatially-explicit soil observations and exhaustive grids of ancillary environmental variables (e.g. derived from remote sensing), (ii) spatial autocorrelation, (iii) spatial covariation, and/or (iv) combinations of the above. In numerous studies of terrestrial soils it has been shown that hybrid geostatistical methods outperform univariate spatial and regression (aspatial) methods. However, hybrid methods have rarely been employed to predict soil properties in wetlands. In this study we used spectral data and derived indices from two remote sensors (Landsat ETM+ and ASTER), with different spatial resolutions, from different seasons, but with similar spectral range, ancillary environmental data, as well as floc and soil total phosphorus (TP) observations from 111 sites. The specific objective of our study was to evaluate the performance of aspatial methods (multivariate regressions — REG), univariate spatial (Ordinary Kriging — OK) and hybrid/multivariate geostatistical methods (Regression Kriging — RK and Co-kriging — CK) in predicting the spatial variability and distribution of floc and soil TP in a subtropical wetland, WCA-2A, in the Florida Everglades. Measured floc TP ranged from 194 to 1865 mg kg^− 1 with a median of 751 mg kg^− 1 and standard deviation (SD) of 381 mg kg^− 1. According to cross-validation, predictions for floc TP based on the root mean square prediction error (RMSE) were best in the following order: RK_quadratic (134.9) > RK_multivariate (201.1) > OK (206.1) > CK (212.1) > REG_multivariate (218.3) > REG_quadratic (220.3) > REG_linear (264.4); and based on the mean prediction error (ME) followed the order RK_multivariate (0.9)  RK_quadratic (1.1) > CK (− 6.7) > REG_multivariate (18.2) > REG_linear (25.1) > OK (− 27.3) > REG_quadratic (27.3). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)-green derived from Landsat ETM+ showed the largest predictive power for floc TP. Measured soil TP ranged from 155 to 1702 mg kg^− 1 with a median of 433 mg kg^− 1 and standard deviation of 316 mg kg^− 1. Predictions for soil TP based on RMSE were best in the following order: RK_ASTER (200.1) > CK_ASTER (238.2)  CK_ETM (239.0) > OK (258.0) > RK_ETM (279.2) > REG_ASTER (281.8) > REG_ETM (356.1); and based on ME followed the order: CK_ASTER (0.1)  CK_ETM (0.2) > RK_ASTER (− 5.2) > RK_ETM (− 31.5) > OK (− 41.8) > REG_ASTER (94.4) > REG_ETM (133.7). The NDVI showed the largest predictive power for soil TP. This comparative study in a subtropical wetland demonstrated the benefits of incorporating remote sensing data into floc and soil TP prediction models. Overall, hybrid geostatistical methods (CK and RK) performed better than regressions and spatial univariate models (OK) in the prediction of floc and soil TP. Depending on the strength of the spatial covariance between primary and secondary variables (CK) and the ability of the regression model in RK to explain the variability of a target variable (e.g., floc or soil TP), either CK or RK performed best. Our findings in this wetland confirmed results from earlier studies on terrestrial soils indicating the superior performance of hybrid geostatistical methods in predicting soil properties.     

尤溪金柑园土壤交换性镁含量的空间变异分析

应用地统计学和GIS空间分析技术,对尤溪金柑主产区土壤交换性镁的空间变异特征进行了分析。结果表明,土壤交换性镁含量范围在1.05～143.19 mg·kg^-1之间,平均值为48.59 mg·k^-1;半方差拟合最佳模型为指数模型,块基比为0.5,具有中等程度的空间变异,变程为4.05 km;利用普通克里格插值法生成的空间分布图显示,研究区内交换性镁含量偏低,缺乏和低量区域分别为总面积的84.13%和9.84%。     

冲积平原区土壤颗粒组成的趋势效应与异向性特征

运用基于ArcGIS的地统计学组件分析了河北省曲周县124个耕层土壤颗粒组成的空间特征.结果表明,区域土壤砂粒含量和粘粒含量在东西方向和南北方向的趋势分别为二阶趋势和一阶趋势;粉粒含量在东西方向呈二阶趋势,南北方向呈零阶趋势.在趋势参数为零阶、一阶和二阶条件下,砂粒含量的异向性分析结果为长轴方向变程接近,短轴方向分别为 17.83 km、16.12 km和21.16 km,但它们都比各向同性且趋势参数为一阶时的变程长.从误差分析和反映区域与局部趋势的结果两方面看,土壤砂粒含量在不同趋势参数或不同异向性参数条件下内插的等值线图以一阶趋势的内插结果最好.     

河套灌区地下水位的空间变异性及其克里金估值

对1997-2001年河套灌区203个观测井的年均井水位高程进行常规的统计分析和地统计学分析,结果表明地下水位高程分布符合正态分布,实验半变异函数符合一般的球状模型。从获得的参数可知,1997-2001年期间,水位高程的相关尺度各年均存在着表现相似的几何各向异性,在搜索方向为310°左右时为变程长轴,变程大约134 km,在40°左右为相应的短轴,变程大约为60 km。同时各个年份计算结果均显示有块金值,说明在小于变程的空间尺度上仍然存在随机效应。最后运用克里金方法对该河套灌区的地下水位高程进行了空间插值成图。