竹笋象危害对竹材物理力学性质的影响

对受笋万纹象(Otidognathus rubriceps Chevrolot)、一字竹笋象(O.davidis Fairmaire)、大竹笋象(Cyrtatrachelus longimanus Fabricius)危害后断梢毛竹、竹腔注药防治后毛竹、正常毛竹3种竹材进行竹材抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗拉强度测定结果表明,与正常毛竹相比较,受竹笋象危害断梢毛竹差异显著,3个竹材物理力学性质指标分别下降了43.79%、39.01%、29.28%,竹腔注药防治后毛竹3个指标下降了13.87%、10.95%、9.01%,但差异不显著,不影响竹材的使用价值.     

Diversity and abundance of carabid beetles in short-rotation plantings of sweetgum, maize and switchgrass in Alabama

This study compares assemblages of carabid beetles, potentially important regulators of herbivorous insect pests, in short-rotation plantings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) with and without grass cover crops, maize (Zea mays L.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). A total of 38 species were trapped during the summers of 1996 and 1997. The dominant carabid encountered was Harpalus pensylvanicus Latreille, a widespread omnivorous species; H. pensylvanicus was particularly prevalent in maize plots. Several other commonly encountered species were primarily associated with one plot type. Overall carabid activity was found to be similar in maize and switchgrass plots and much greater than that in sweetgum plots of both cover types. This may be related to the presence of more consistently available dense ground cover in these plots compared to sweetgum plots, a situation favored by most carabids, although both abundance and diversity were similar in sweetgum plots with and without cover. Diversity, as indicated by species richness and dominance levels, was greater in switchgrass than in maize or sweetgum plots, which were similar. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

光肩星天牛对干旱胁迫下复叶槭挥发物的嗅觉反应

对干旱胁迫下3a生复叶槭的挥发物进行了鉴定。当复叶槭受到干旱胁迫时，9种化合物释放量升高(包括：丁醇、戊醇、反—2—己烯—1—醛、顺—3—己烯—1—醇、戊醛、戊酸、己醛、己酸、苯乙酮)，而长叶烯释放量降低：复叶槭复水后苯乙酮升高，但其他挥发物释放量降低。通过GC—EAD检测了光肩星天牛对其中某些化合物的触角电位反应，并使用诱捕器和人工合成单体进行了田间生测实验。丁醇、戊醇和顺—3—己烯—1—醇能引起光肩星天牛的触角反应，这一结果在田间实验中得到了证实。这表明干旱胁迫在光肩星天牛选择寄主植物方面起着重要作用。     

Effects of different ecological and silvicultural factors on beetle catches in the Turkish fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies bornmülleriana</Emphasis> Mattf.) ecosystems

To study the bark beetle attacks on Turkish fir stands and to determine the principle site and stand factors influencing beetle attacks, trap log method was used in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. The study was carried out in ten different locations prior to flying time in February 2003. On each experimental plot, three healthy fir trees with 30–50 cm diameter and 200 m apart were cut down with a chainsaw. From each sampling tree, needles were sub-sampled for determination of specific leaf-area and macro-nutrient concentrations. In addition, on each experimental plot, crown closure, basal-area, and stand density were measured. To determine the bulk density and nutrient concentrations of the soil, samples were taken around trees on each plot. The relationship between measured stand variables, the number of beetle species and beetle populations were evaluated using correlation and stepwise multiple regression procedure. Eight different species belonging to four different families from Coleoptera were identified in examining the trap logs. Six of these eight species (Pissodes piceae Illig., Pissodes notatus Fabr., Cryphalus piceae Ratz., Pityophthorus pityographus Ratz., Xyloterus lineatus Oliv., Pityokteines curvidens Germ.) were identified as harmful beetles (HB). The other two (Thanasimus formicarius L. and Rhizophagus dispar Payk.) were identified as predator species. The analysis showed that the total number of HB increased as the site’s slope and needle specific leaf area increased. However, as needle N concentrations increased, HB population decreased. Increased Ca concentration in fir needle reduced total insect attack.     

五种寄主植物挥发物的主要成分及华星天牛对其电生理和行为反应

为开发华星天牛Anoplophora chinensis引诱剂,采用动态顶空吸附法收集浙江省慈溪市沿海防护林中华星天牛5种寄主植物(柑橘Citrus reticulata、苦楝Melia azedarach、黄山栾树Koelreuteria bipinnata、木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia、金丝垂柳Salix×aureo-pendula)的挥发物,采用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)联用技术对其进行鉴定和分析,采用气相色谱-触角电位(gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection,GC-EAD)联用技术解析各植物中引起触角电生理反应的活性物质,通过Y型嗅觉仪测定华星天牛对5种寄主植物和7种活性物质的行为反应。结果显示,在5种寄主植物挥发物中共鉴定出75种化合物,分为8个化学型;5种寄主植物可被分成3组,不同组间挥发物的组成不同,同组内不同植物种间有共有组分和特异组分;在较为吸引华星天牛的柑橘和苦楝挥发物中,萜烯类占比高。(±)-柠檬烯、γ-松油烯...     

Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner as an alternative control of small hive beetles, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Small hive beetles, Aethina tumida Murray, are parasites and scavengers of honeybee colonies, Apis mellifera L., and have become an invasive species that can cause considerable damage in its new distribution areas. An effective subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (=Bt) would provide an alternative to chemical control of this pest. Therefore, we tested three different Bt strains [B. thuringiensis, var. aizawai (B401^®), B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Novodor^®) and B. thuringiensis var. San Diego tenebrionis (Jackpot^®)] and Perizin^® (3.2% coumaphos), each applied on combs with a pollen diet fed to pairs of adult beetles. This evaluates the products for the suppression of successful small hive beetle reproduction. While none of the tested Bt strains showed a significant effect on the number of produced wandering larvae, we could confirm the efficacy of coumaphos for the control of small hive beetles. We further show that it is also efficient when applied with a lower concentration as a liquid on the combs. We suggest the continued search for efficient Bt strains naturally infesting small hive beetles in its endemic and new ranges, which may become a part of the integrated management of this pest.     

Hydrolytic Enzyme Inhibitors and Necrotic Reactions in Potato Leaves Reduce Reproductive Success of Colorado Potato Beetle

In field and laboratory conditions the reproductive potential （survival at different stages of development） of the Colorado potato beetle has been measured, the dependence of the parameters of insects fertility on varietal features of the feed has been investigated, the food activity of the representatives of insects from four areas of the Southern Urals has been measured, the intensity and time of hypersensitivity reactions on potato leaves has been defined. In laboratory experiments, the level of activity of hydrolytic enzymes in insects and the level of activity of these enzymes inhibitors in the leaves of three potato varieties differing in their resistance to the Colorado potato beetle have been determined. The results show that the insects-representatives of different samples have different food activity in relation to different potato varieties. High mortality rates were revealed at feeding with leaves of potato of the Bashkir variety characterized by a high level of hydrolases inhibitors and relatively rapid development of necrotic reactions after the appearance of eggs laying on the leaves. We suppose that the neerogenetic barrier appearing in the form of necrosis is the major cause of the fetal mortality of insects. The level of the content of inhibitors inactivating larvae digestive enzymes affects the survival of insects at postembryonic stages. The speed of the necrosis emergence, the level of activity of digestive enzymes inhibitors in potato can be considered as criteria for the selection of breeding material for resistance to the Colorado potato beetle.     

从臭蜣螂中提取甲壳素/壳聚糖的研究

甲壳素作为自然界中产量仅次于纤维素的第二大生物资源 ,近年来其开发和应用日益受到重视 ,但目前甲壳素的生产原料来源有限 ,生产成本较高。而昆虫是世界上最大的优势动物种类 ,昆虫的总生物量超过了地球上所有动物总生物量 ;但被人类利用的昆虫资源却很少。昆虫是当今地球上未被利用的最大生物资源 ,特别是昆虫的甲壳素资源尚未开发。鉴于目前对于昆虫甲壳素资源的开发尚在尝试阶段 ,本文以臭蜣螂为材料 ,进行了提取甲壳素和壳聚糖的工艺以及其理化特性研究。研究发现 ,臭蜣螂体中甲壳素含量高出目前甲壳素生产常规原料虾蟹壳数倍 ,且从其体中提取的甲壳素与壳聚糖的品质在残留灰分、粘度和色泽等方面优于虾蟹壳。并以单因素试验方法进行了提取甲壳素和壳聚糖提取工艺的研究 ,提出了从臭蜣螂中提取甲壳素和壳聚糖的提取工艺 :①脱矿物质 :用 0 8mol·L- 1 HCl预先 70℃加热 30min ,然后室温条件下浸泡 12h ;②脱蛋白质、脂类 :用 2 0～ 2 5mol·L- 1 NaOH ,在 90～ 10 0℃条件下 ,处理 4～ 5h ;③脱乙酰基 :用 10 0 0～ 11 2 5mol·L- 1 NaOH ,在 130℃条件下 ,处理 3h。     

云杉小黑天牛生物学特性的研究

1987年5月6日,大兴安岭林区发生特大森林火灾以后,火烧迹地,贮木场云杉小黑天牛大量发生。在塔河林业局绣峰林业公司贮木场抽样调查中,原木被害率为54.07％,降等率为42.23％,每立方米损失约34.29元。云杉小黑天牛在该地区一年发生一代。以幼虫在木质部内越冬。5月下旬化蛹,高峰期为6月上旬;6月上旬成虫羽化,高峰期为6月下旬;产卵高峰期为7月初;孵化高峰期为7月上旬。卵期平均9d,蛹期平均19d,成虫期15—30d,幼虫期长达250—300d。